AOAC. (1990). Official methods of analysis, (15th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. USA: Washington, D.C.
Azizi-Shotorkhoft, A., Rouzbehan, Y. & Fazaeli, H. (2012). The influence of the different carbohydrate source on utilization efficiency of processed broiler litter. Livestock Science, 148, 249-254.
3. Broderick, G.A. & Kang, J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 54,1176-1183.
Elemam, M.B., Fadelelseed, A.M. & Salih, A.M. (2009). Growth performance, digestibility, N-balance and rumen fermentation of lambs fed different levels of deep-stack broiler litter. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science, 4, 9-16.
Fazaeli, H., Zahedifar, M., Papi, N., Taimournejad, N. & Azizi-Shotorkhoft, A. (2013a). Effect of energy source with processed poultry litter on the digestibility and rumen biosyntheses of sheep. Research Report, Animal Science Research Institute, Iran.
Fazaeli, H., Zahedifar, M., Mahdavi, A., Amini, F. & Maghsoudinegad, G. (2013b). Achieving appropriate technology of poultry litter processing as animal feed supplement. Research Report, Animal Science Research Institute, Iran.
Fontenot, J.P. (2000). Utilization of poultry litter as feed for beef cattle. Animal Residuals Management, 19, 234-252.
Givens, D.I., Owen, E., Axford, R.F.E. & Omed, H.M. (2000). Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition, First ed., CABI Publishing, Walingford, Oxon, Ox108 D. E.
Goetsch. A.L. & Aiken, G.E. (2000). Broiler litter in ruminant diets-implications for use as a low-cost byproduct feedstuff for goats. In: Merkel, R.C., Abebe, G., Goetsch, A.L. (Eds), The Opportunities and Challenges of Enhancing Goat production in East Africa. Langston University, Langston, OK, United States of America, Pp. 58-69.
Hopkins, B.A. & Poore, M.H. (2001). Deep-Staked broiler litter as a supplement for dairy replacement heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 299-305.
Jackson, D.J., Rode, B.J., Karanja, K.K. & Whitely, N.C. (2006). Utilization of poultry litter pellets in meat goat diets. Small Ruminant Research, 66, 278-281.
Jordaan, J.D. (2004). The influence of bedding material and collecting period on the feeding value of broiler and layer litter. M. Sc. Dissertation, Free State University. South Africa.
Keithly, J.I., Kott, R.W., Berardinelli, J.G., Moreaux, S. & Hatfield, P.G. (2011). hermogenesis, blood metabolites and hormones, and growth of lambs born to ewes supplemented with algae-derived docosahexaenoic acid. Journal of Animal Science, 89, 4305-4313.
14. Keskin, M., Şahin, A., Sabri, G.L. & Bier, O. (2010). Effects of feed refreshing frequency on behavioural responses of Awassi lambs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 34(4): 333-338.
Licitra, G., Hernandez, T. M. & Van Soest. P. J. (1996). Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Anim. Sci. Feed Technol, 57, 347-358.
Mabjeesh, S.J.,
Arieli, A.,
Bruckental, I.,
Zamwell, S. &
Tagari, H. (1996). Effect of type of protein supplementation on duodenal amino acid flow and absorption in lactating dairy cows.
Journal of Dairy Science, 79, 1792-1801.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A. & Greenhalgh, J.F.D. (2002). Animal Nutrition. 6th ed., Longman Group UK, Harlow, UK, Pp 693.
Mavimbela, D.T., Webbb, E.C., Van Ryssenb, J.B.J. & Bosman, M.J.C. (2000). Sensory characteristics of meat and composition of carcass fat from sheep fed diets containing various levels of broiler litter. South African Journal of Animal Science, 30, 26–32.
Negesse, T., Patra, A.K., Dawson, L.J., Tolera, A., Merkel, R.C., Sahlu, T. & Goetsch, A.L. (2007). Performance of Spanish and Boer × Spanish doelings consuming diets with different levels of broiler litter. Small Ruminant Research, 69, 187-197.
NRC. (1985). National Research Council: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, Sheep, Goats, Cervide and New York Camelids. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC.
Obeidat, B.S., Awawdeh, M.S., Abdullah, A.Y., Muwalla, M.M., Abu Ishmais, M. A. & Telfah, B.T. (2011). Effects of feeding broiler litter on performance of Awassi lambs fed finishing diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 165, 15-22.
Rankins, D.L., Poore, M.H., Capucille, D.J. & Rogers, G.M. (2002). Recycle poultry bedding as cattle feed. Veterinary Clinics North American Food Animal Practice, 18, 253-266.
Robertson, J.B. & Van Soest, P.J. (1981). The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. In: James, W.P.T., Theander, O. (Eds.), the Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food. (pp. 123-158). Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.
Rossi, J.E., Goetsch, A.L. & Galloway, D.L. (1998). Intake and digestion by Holstein steers consuming different particle size fractions of broiler litter. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 71, 145-156.
Rude, B.J., Rankins, D.L. & Dozier, W.A. (1994). Nitrogen and energy metabolism and serum constituents in lambs given poultry litter processed by three deep-stacking methods. Animal Production, 58, 95-101.
Stewart, C.S. & Duncan, S.H. (1985). The effect of avoparcin on cellulolytic bacteria of the ovine rumen. Journal of General Microbiology, 131, 427-435.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597.
Wang, Z.S. & Goetsch, A.L. (1998). Intake and digestion by Holstein steers consuming diets based on litter harvested after different numbers of broiler growing periods or with molasses addition before deep-stacking. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 880-887.
)