اثر سطوح مختلف کود مرغی فرآوری‌شده در جیرة غذایی بر عملکرد پرواری گوساله‌های نر هلشتاین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکدة کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکدة کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران

3 دانشیار، مؤسسة تحقیقات علوم دامی کشور، حیدرآباد، کرج

چکیده

در این پژوهش، اثر جیره‌های غذایی حاوی چهار سطح (صفر، 8، 16 و 24 درصد) کود مرغی فرآوری‌شده، با انرژی و پروتئین یکسان، بر عملکرد پرواری 60 رأس گوسالة نر هلشتاین با میانگین وزن زندة 9±309 کیلوگرم و سن حدود 9-8 ماه، در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی به مدت 200 روز بررسی شد. در پایان دورة آزمایش همة گوساله‌ها کشتار شدند و علاوه بر بازرسی لاشه و ارگان‌ها، وزن لاشه و آلایش‌های خوراکی و غیرخوراکی تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین مادة خشک مصرفی روزانة گوساله‌های تغذیه‌شده با جیره‌های حاوی چهار سطح کود مرغی در کل دورة آزمایش به ترتیب 17/10، 28/10، 97/9 و 26/10 کیلوگرم، میانگین افزایش وزن روزانة آن‌ها به ترتیب 1339، 1305، 1362 و1311 گرم در روز و ضریب تبدیل غذایی به ترتیب 7/7، 9/7، 4/7 و 6/7 بود که هیچ‌یک از متغیرهای مزبور تحت تأثیر سطوح مختلف کود مرغی فرآوری‌شده در جیرة غذایی قرار نگرفت (05/0 P>). همچنین پارامتر‏های مربوط به وزن لاشه، راندمان لاشه، وزن آلایش‌های خوراکی و غیرخوراکی تحت تأثیر جیره‏های غذایی قرار نگرفت (05/0 P>). براساس مشاهدات و بازرسی کشتارگاهی، رنگ و بوی لاشه و ارگان‌ها در همة دام‌ها طبیعی بود و تفاوتی بین دام‌های گروه‌های آزمایشی مشاهده نشد. هزینة تمام‌شده نیز در گروه‌های دریافت‌کنندة جیره‌های حاوی 16 و24 درصد کود مرغی کمتر بود. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر، مصرف کود مرغی از 16 تا 24 درصد در جیرة گوساله‌های پرواری قابل استفاده است اما در شرایط مزرعه سطح بالاتر از 20 درصد در کل جیره توصیه نمی‌شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of different levels of dietary processed broiler litter on the performance of Holstein male cows

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Mohammadi 1
  • Yousef Rouzbehan 2
  • Hasan Fazaeli 3
1 M. Sc. Student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Aniaml Science, Animal Science Research Institute, Karaj
چکیده [English]

In a completely randomized design, the effect of four iso-protein and iso-caloric diets containing different levels (0, 8, 16 and 24%) of processed broiler litter was studied on the fattening performance of 60 Holstein male calves (with initial weight of 309±9kg and about 8-9 month age) for a period of 200 days. At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered and then the carcasses, edible and non-edible parts were weighted after carcass inspection. Results showed that the average dry matter intake of calves fed diets containing four levels of poultry litter, were respectively 10.17, 10.28, 9.97 and 10.26 kg/d, daily weight gain were 1339, 1305, 1362 and 1311 g/d, and feed conversion ratio were 7.7, 7.9, 7.4 and 7.6 that were not affected by the experimental diets (P>0.05). In addition, the carcass weight, carcass dressing percentage and organs were not different among the treatments (P>0.05). Based on the visual tests, the carcasses and organs, no differences were observed between the animals received different levels of broiler litter.  Economically, feeding cost was lower when the animals received diets containing 16 and 24% of broiler litter. Based on the results of this experiment, the processed broiler litter could be included in the diet of finishing calves, however it is recommended that the optimum level to be about 20% on the farm conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • processed broiler litter
  • Fattening ration
  • Holstein male calves
 
Abbasi, A., Fazaeli, H., Zahedifar, M., Mirhadi, S. A., Gerami, A., Teymornejad, N. & Alavi, S. M. (2008).Tables of chemical resources of  Iran livestock and poultry. Research Institute for Animal Science. First Edition. (In Farsi).
Agricultural Statistics Book. ASB. (2011). Ministry of Agriculture  Press. Department of Planning and Economic. 449 p.(In Farsi).
Araba, A., Byers, F. M. & Guessous, F. (2002). Patterns of rumen fermentation in bulls fed barley/molasses diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 97, 53-64.
Arieli, A., Petch, H., Zamwell, S. & Tagari, H. (1991).Nutritional adaptation of heifers to diets containing poultry litter. Livestock Production Science, 28, 53-63.
Bohnert, D.W., Schauer, C.S., Falck, S.J. & DelCurto, T. (2002). Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: II. Ruminal fermentation characteristics. Journal of Animal Science, 80, 2978- 2988.
Cross, D.L., Skelley, G.C. & Thompson, C.S. (1978). Efficacy of broiler litter silage for beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 47, 544-551.
Cullison, A.E., McCampbell, H.C. & Cunningham, A.C. (1976). Use of poultry manures in steer finishing rations. Journal of Animal Science, 41, 219-228.
Elemam, M.B. Fadelelseed, A. M. & Salih, A.M. (2009) Growth performance, digestibility, n-balance and rumen fermentation of lambs fed different levels of deep-stack broiler litter. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 4, 9-16.
Fatehi, F., Yazdi, K.R., Dehghan, Banadaki, M. & Moradi Shahr Babak, M. (2010). Effect of different proportion of dietary barley grain to corn grain on growth performance and carcass quality of holstein male calves. Animal Science Research, 19 (2), 111-123. (In Farsi).
Fazaeli, H. & Safaie, A.R. (2008) Voluntary intake and digestibility of complete feed block in cattle nutrition, non published report.
Fontenot, J. P. (2000). Utilization of poultry litter as feed for beef cattle. Animal Residuals Management, 19, 234-252.
Fontenot, J.P., Webb, K.E. Jr., Harmon, B.W., Tucker, R.E. & Moore, W.E.C. (1971). Studies of processing, nutritional value and palatability of broiler litter for ruminants. International Symposium on Livestock Wastes, ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, p. 301.
Garcia, F., Sainz, R.D., Agabriel, J.L.G. Barioni, L.G. & Oltjen J.W. (2008).Comparative analysis of two dynamic mechanistic models of beef cattle growth. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 143(1-4), 220-241.
Gharebash, A.M. (1991). Studies on fattening potential of Atabai and Zel sheep fed different rations. MSc. Thesis, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran University.(In Farsi). 
Hopkins, B.A. & Poore, M.H. (2001). Deep-Stacked broiler litter as a protein supplement for dairy replacement heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(1), 299-305.
Jackson, D.J., Rude, B.J. & Karanja, K.K. (2006). Utilization of poultry litter pellets in meat goat diets. Small Ruminant Research, 66, 278–281.
Jakhmola, R.C., Kundu, S.S., Punj, M. L., Singh, K., Kamra, D.N. & Singh, R. (1988).Animal excreta as ruminant feed - scope and limitations under Indian conditions.Animal Feed Science and Technology, 19, (1 & 2), 1-24.
Khalil, I.A., Sayaad, G.A.E. & Redman, M. (1995). Inclusion of dehydrated broiler litter in friesian calves diets. 1. Effect on digestibility, body weight gain and fed conversion. Annals of Agriculture Science, Moshtohor, 33,137-145.
Khan, M.J., Alam, M.S., Akbar, M.A. & Kamruzzaman, M. (2008).  Broiler litter and layer manure in the diet of growing bull calves. The Bangladesh Veterinarian, 25, 62- 67.
Koenig, S.E., Hatfield, E.E. & Spears, J.W. (1978). Animal performance and microbial adaptation of ruminants fed formaldehyde treated poultry waste. Journal of Animal Science, 46 (2), 490-498.
Lanyasunia, T.P., Ron, W.H., Abdulrazak, S.A., Kaburu, P. K., Makori, J.O., Onyango, T. A. & Mwangi, D. M.  (2006). Factors affecting use of poultry manure as protein supplement for dairy cattle in small holder farms in Kenya. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(1), 75-80.
Levie, U., Levy, D. & Hollzer, Z. (1976).Jung bullenmast mit energieamem pellettiertem in Germany. Alleninfutter. Zuechtungskunde, No. 1. Printed.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A. & Greenhalgh, J. F. D. (2002).Animal Nutrition. 6th ed., Longman Group UK, Harlow, UK, Pp. 693.
Mavimbela, D. T. & Van Ryssen, J.B.J. (2001). Effect of dietary molasses on the site and extent of digestion of nutrients in sheep fed broiler litter. South African Journal of Animal Science, 31(1), 33-39.
Muia, J.M.K., Tamminga, S. & Mbugua, P.N. (2000). Effect of supplementing napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with sunflower meal or poultry litter-based concentrates on feed intake, live-weight changes and economics of milk production in Friesian cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 67, 89–99.
Negesse, T., Patra, A.K., Dawson, L.J., Tolera, A., Merkel, R.C., Sahlu, T. & Goetsch, A.L. (2007).Performance of Spanish and Boer Spanish doelings consuming diets with different levels of broiler litter.Small Ruminant Research. 69, 187–197.
Nouri, G,R., Amanlou, H., Zahmatkesh, D. & Mahjoubi, E. (2010). Effects ofsodium bicarbonate toreduceroad Incidence of lamenessandfatteningperformanceofHolsteinsteers. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 2(2), 196-201. (In Farsi).
NRC, (2001). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, seven revised. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nusheri, A. (2001). Evaluation of the performance of some economical traits in Afshari, Shall and Moghani rams cross-bred with Varamini ewes. MSc. Thesis, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran University. (In Farsi).
Obeidat, B. S., Awawdeh, M.S. & Abdullah, A.Y. (2011). Effects of feeding broiler litter on performance of Awassi lambs fed finishing diets .Animal Feed Science and Technology, 165, 15–22.
Ørskov, E.R. (1992).  Protein nutrition in ruminants, 2th Edition, Academic Press, London, 175p.
Rossi, J.E., Goetsch, A.L., Patil, A.R., Kouakou, B., Park, K.K., Wang, Z.S., Galloway, D.L. & Johnson, Z.B.)1996(. Effects of forage level in broiler litter-based diets on feed intake, digestibility and particulate passage rate in Holstein steers at different live weights. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 62, 163-177.
Rowghani, E., Arab, A., Zamiri, M.J. & Khalifeh, A. (2007). Effect of zeolite on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of calve fed with urea iterated corn silage. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 76, 43-50. (In Farsi).
Satter, L.D. & Slyter, L.L. (1974). Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. British Journal Nutrition, 32, 199–208.
SAS Institute, (2002). SAS/STAT user’s guide. SAS Institute Inc, Cary.
Suppadit, T. & Poungsuk, P. (2010). Utilization of broiler litter pellets to substitute mixed feed pellets in fattening steers. Journal of International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences, 16(1), 55–67.
Talib, N.H. & Ahmed, F. A. (2008). Performance and carcass characteristics of intact Zebu Bulls fed different levels of deep stacked poultry litter. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,7(11), 1467-1473.

Tamir, B., Tsadik, A.G. and Melaku, S. (2008). Inclusion of different proportions of poultry litter in the rations of yearling Hararghe Highland Gats.  Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20 (3).

Van Ryssen, J. B. J., Van Malsen, S. & Verbeek, A. A. (1993). Mineral composition of poultry manure in South Africa with reference to the farm feed Act.  South African Journal of Animal Science, 23(2), 54–57. 
Van Ryssen, J.B.J. (2000). Poultry litter as a feed ingredient for ruminants: the South African situation. South African Society of Animal Science. Available in: http://www.sasas.co.za/Popular/ Popular.html
Yashim, S.M., Abdul, S.B. & Jokthan, G.E. (2008).Effects of Supplementing Sorghum Stover with Poultry Litter on Performance of Wadara Cattle. American Eurasian Journal of Agronomy, 1, 16-18.