تاثیر تغییرات اقلیم بر شمار گله‌های منتخب و عملکرد گاوهای هلشتان ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

2 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

3 مرکز اصلاح نژاد دام و بهبود تولیدات دامی کشور، وزارت جهاد کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

4 بخش پژوهش های ژنتیک و اصلاح نژاد، موسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی کشور، کرج، ایران

5 گروه پژوهشی شترمرغ پژوهشکده دام های خاص پژوهشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

چکیده

یکی از عوامل موثر بر تولید شیر، چربی و پروتیین شرایط اقلیمی است، با توجه به این که کشور ایران دارای اقلیم‌ های مختلفی است (حتی دریک استان ممکن است اقلیم‌های مختلفی وجود داشته باشد)، در این پژوهش اثر اقلیم‌های مختلف کشور بر صفات تولیدی گله‌های گاو شیری هلشتاین در سرتاسر کشور بررسی شد. صفات تولیدی شامل میانگین تولید شیر، چربی، پروتئین، درصد چربی و درصد پروتئین بین سال‌های ۱۳۸۶ تا ۱۴۰۰ برای تعداد ۳۲۵۰۴۰ رأس تلیسه از ۲۷۰ گله بود. مناطق کشور از لحاظ اقلیمی بر اساس طبقه‌بندی کوپن (Köppen) به پنج اقلیم  BSh، BSk، BWk، Csa و Dsa با دما و رطوبت متفاوت تقسیم شدند. در این طبقه‌بندی سه حرفی، حروف مورد استفاده شامل سه بخش آب و هوای اصلی اقلیم: B (خشک)، C (معتدل) و D (قاره‌ای)، میزان بارش: s (مرطوب با تابستان خشک)، S (نیمه‌خشک) و W (خشک بیابانی)، و دمای اقلیم: a (معتدل با تابستان داغ)، h (داغ) و k (سرد) هستند. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، اقلیم BWk (سرد و خشک) با وجود شرایط اقلیمی نامطلوب، بیشترین تولید را داشت که این می‌تواند به‌دلیل مدیریت گله مناسب در شهرهای این اقلیم همچون اصفهان باشد. اقلیم Dsa (قاره‌ای با تابستان گرم و خشک)، که آب و هوایی نسبتاً مناسب برای پرورش دام داشته و همچنین برای کشت علوفه مورد نیاز دام بسیار مناسب است، جایگاه سوم تولید شیر را داشت و در مقدار و درصد چربی و پروتئین نیز بهترین عملکرد را نشان داد. این اقلیم با کمترین تعداد گله در بین اقلیم‌ها، در صفات تولیدی عملکرد بهتری نسبت به سایر اقلیم‌ها داشت. همچنین، در بازه زمانی سال­های ۱۳۹۴ تا ۱۴۰۰، به دلیل مشکلات اقتصادی رو به افزایش، هم­چون افزایش نرخ تورم، ارز، و افزایش هزینه­های تهیه خوراک در نتیجه­ی برداشته شدن یارانه‌های نهاده‌های دامی، در تمام اقلیم‌ها به‌جز اقلیم Dsa کاهش تعداد گله مشاهده شد. از یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که اثر اقلیمی هم از لحاظ تنش گرمایی برای دام و هم از لحاظ مناسب بودن شرایط آب و هوایی برای کاشت علوفه و تأمین خوراک دام می‌تواند اثر تعیین کننده‌ای بر صفات تولیدی دام داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Climate changes impacts on the number of active herds and performance of Iranian Holstein cattle

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hosein Khani-Bandani 1
  • Ali Maghsoudi 2
  • Mohammad Rokouei 1
  • Behroz Mohammad Nazari 3
  • Mokhtar Ali Abbasi 4
  • Hadi Faraji- Arough 5
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 Deputy of Animal Breeding and Improvement Center, Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, Karaj, Iran
4 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetic, Animal Science Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
5 Department of ostrich. Special domestic animals institute research institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
چکیده [English]

The productivity of Holstein dairy cattle herds is significantly influenced by prevailing climatic conditions. Given the potential variability in climates within a single province, this study aimed to investigate the impact of different climates across the country on the productive characteristics of these herds. The study examined average milk production, fat content, protein content, fat percentage, and protein percentage, analyzing data from 325,040 heifers belonging to 270 herds for the period between 2006 and 2021. The regions of the country were classified into five distinct climates, namely BSh, BSk, BWk, Csa, and Dsa, based on the Köppen classification system, which characterizes climates by varying temperature and humidity levels. The study found that the BWk climate, characterized by cold and dry conditions, exhibited the highest milk production levels despite the unfavorable climatic conditions. This outcome can be attributed to effective herd management practices implemented in cities such as Isfahan, which fall under this climate category. The Dsa climate, characterized by a continental climate with hot and dry summers, demonstrated the third-highest milk production levels and was found to be relatively suitable for livestock rearing, particularly during seasons other than summer. Additionally, the Dsa climate was highly conducive to the growth of fodder for livestock and exhibited the best performance in terms of both the quantity and percentage of fat and protein. Despite having the lowest number of herds among the different climates, the Dsa climate outperformed the other climates in terms of production traits. Moreover, in the period from 2007 to 2021, when increasing economic problems, such as the increase in inflation and currency rates, as well as the removal of livestock input subsidies, made it difficult for livestock farmers to cover the costs of providing animal feed, all regions except Dsa region experienced a decrease in the number of herds. From the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the climatic effect in terms of heat stress for livestock and in terms of the suitability of weather conditions for planting fodder and providing livestock feed can have a decisive effect on the productive traits of livestock.  

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Climate change
  • productive traits
  • phenotype
  • dairy industry
  • Köppen method

Extended Abstract

Introduction

The dairy cattle industry in Iran needs to develop and adapt breeding programs according to different climates because of the country's diverse weather conditions. The dominant breed in Iran's dairy industry is the Holstein dairy cattle. However, the Holstein breed is negatively impacted by heat stress, affecting its productivity. The management and organizational structure of each province have minimal influence on the variations in the quality of selected dairy cattle herds across the country. Nevertheless, climatic diversity significantly affects the performance of herds in most Iranian provinces. Several methods for climate classification have been proposed, with the Köppen climate classification being the most well-known. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine the production trends of key traits (milk yield, fat content and percentage, and protein content and percentage) and demographic changes in selected Holstein cattle herds throughout the country.

 

Material and Methods

The study examined the production traits of 325,040 Holstein cows during their first calving cycle across 270 herds with consistent and regular record-keeping. The researchers compared the average production traits among different climates using a statistical model that accounted for climate effects. Tukey's method was utilized to compare the differences between the averages. The data analysis was conducted using Minitab software. The climates were classified using the widely used Köppen classification method, which categorizes climates into five major groups. The researchers utilized climate data from the Climate Data database (https://en.climate-data.org/) to determine the specific climate classification for each dairy farm based on its geographical location.

 

Results and discussion

The declining trend of milk production in recent years is evident. The average record of milk production in selected herds of the country was recorded higher than 9 tons only in 2018. The decreasing trend of the average milk production in recent years can have several factors, one of these factors is the changes in the number of active herds and the size of flowers every year. Reducing the size of the herd due to the removal of surplus cows is also effective on the country's meat production, and by comparing the amount of milk production, the amount of beef production and the number of active herds, it is possible to investigate the reasons for the decrease in the size of the country's Holstein cattle population. The decrease in protein in 2018 was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of milk, as a result of which the percentage did not change. In 1399 to 1400, average milk production increased (Figure 1), but protein did not increase with the same ratio. The highest average milk production of Holstein cows recorded in 270 herds across Iran is related to BWk climate, which is significantly different from other climates. BSh is in the next place and BSk and Dsa climates are in the third place jointly. The lowest average also corresponds to the Csa climate, which is significantly different from the rest of the climates, which can confirm that high temperatures reduce the performance of Holstein cows.

 

Conclusion

     According to the results of this article, it was observed that among the examined climates, BWk climate has the highest average milk production. This region includes the cities of Isfahan and Khorasan provinces, which have the best management of dairy cows in the country. However, in the amount and percentage of milk fat and protein, Dsa climate performed the best. Also, in difficult conditions when other climates have had a sharp decrease in the number of herds, the Dsa climate has maintained its stability, despite having the lowest number of herds among the climates. Considering that the level of herd management in this climate is not comparable with a climate like BWk, this performance can be attributed to the optimal weather conditions in this climate. Considering the obtained results, it can be concluded that climatic conditions can be a determining factor in the productive performance of Holstein dairy cattle herds. Of course, it should be mentioned that in order to develop the dairy cattle industry and increase the profitability of herds, in addition to environmental factors such as the weather conditions of the region and climate, attention should also be paid to the points of providing food and water resources, breeding technology, thermal management, and providing health care (Erickson and Kalscheur, 2020). For example, despite the desert climate, Isfahan is one of the hubs for breeding dairy cows, especially Holsteins, in Iran due to proper management (Ashrafi et al., 2021). By improving knowledge and technology in this industry and using suitable breeds for each climate, it is possible to facilitate and improve the development of dairy cattle industry in Iran in different climates.

اشرفی، لیلا؛ صادقی سفیدمزگی، علی؛ قربانی خراجی، غلامرضا و تورستن، همه (۱۴۰۰). مقایسه بین‌المللی اقتصاد تولید شیر در گله‌های هلشتاین اصفهان. نشریه پژوهش در نشخوارکنندگان، ۹(۲)، ۱۰۷-۱۲۰.
رشیدی، امیر و میرزامحمدی، ابراهیم (1393). برآورد اثر متقابل ژنوتیپ و محیط برای صفات تولیدی در گاوهای هلشتاین ایران. علوم دامی، 27(103)، ۳۲-۲۵
رضیئی، طیب (1396). چشم‌اندازی از مناطق اقلیمی ایران به روش کوپن-گایگر در سده بیست و یکم. مجله ژئوفیزیک ایران، 11(1)، ۱۰۰-۸۴.
رنج پور، رضا؛ آقاجانی, حبیب؛ و سلمانی، اکبر (1400). بررسی عوامل اقتصادی موثر بر عرضه شیر در ایران، رهیافت گشتاورهای تعمیم-یافته ( GMM). فصلنامه علمی -پژوهشی تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی، 13(3)، ۲۹-۱۸.
شکوهی، زینب (۱۳۹۸). ارزیابی ژنتیکی عملکرد تولیدی گاوهای شیری هلشتاین در شرایط مختلف اقلیمی ایران. مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران، ۵۰(۱)، ۱۰۷-۹۷.
شهدادی، علیرضا؛ طهمورث پور، مجتبی و شریعتی، محمد مهدی (۱۴۰۰). ارزیابی ژنتیکی عملکرد تولیدی گاوهای شیری هلشتاین در شرایط مختلف اقلیمی ایران. نشریه پژوهش‌های علوم دامی ایران، ۹(۱)، ۱۰۳-۹۳.
فرهنگ‌فر، سید همایون؛ رشیدی طغرالجردی، محدّثه‌السادات؛ منتظر تربتی، محمد باقر و صیاد نژاد، محمد باقر (۱۴۰۰). مقایسه بین‌المللی اقتصاد تولید شیر در گله‌های هلشتاین اصفهان. نشریه پژوهش در نشخوارکنندگان، ۹(۲)، ۱۰۷-۱۲۰.
مرادی شهربابک، محمد؛ ساقی، داودعلی؛ میرائی آشتیانی، سید رضا؛ نجاتی جوارمی، اردشیر و مهربانی یگانه، حسن (۱۳۸۵). سازگاری گاوهای شیری هلشتاین درشرایط آب هوایی ایران. مجله علوم کشاورزی ایران، ۳۷(۱)، ۱۷-۲۴.
نظری، معصومه؛ رشیدی، امیر؛ رزم‌کبیر، محمد و کاظمی، مزدک (1399). ارزیابی اثر اسپرم‌های وارداتی تحت شاخص‌های مختلف انتخاب بر تغییرات فنوتیپی صفات تولیدی گاوهای هلشتاین در اقلیم‌های مختلف ایران. علوم دامی، 33(126)، ۱۶-۳.
Ashrafi, L., Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., Ghorbani, G., and Hemme, T. (2021). International comparisons of the economics of milk production in Isfahan’s Holstein farms. Journal of Ruminant Research 9, 107-120. (In Persian)
Erickson, P.S., and Kalscheur, K.F. (2020). Nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle. In Animal Agriculture (Elsevier), pp. 157-180.
Farhangfar, S.H., Toghroljerdi, R., Torbati, M., and Sayyadnezhad, M.B. (2023). A study on the lactation curve characteristics of grade and Iranian purebred Holstein dairy cows with the use of raw, fat corrected, and energy corrected milk test day records. Animal Production Research. (In Persian)
Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh, N. (2011). Genetic parameters and trends for calving interval in the first three lactations of Iranian Holsteins. Tropical Animal Health and Production 43, 1111-1115.
Igono, M., Bjotvedt, G., and Sanford-Crane, H. (1992). Environmental profile and critical temperature effects on milk production of Holstein cows in desert climate. International Journal of Biometeorology 36, 77-87.
Koeppen, W. (1918). Klassifikation der klima nach temperatur, niederschlag und Jahreslauf. Pet Mitt 64, 243-248.
Könyves, T., Zlatković, N., Memiši, N., Lukač, D., Puvača, N., Stojšin, M., Halász, A., and Miščević, B. (2017). Relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production and feed intake of holstein-frisian cows in different year seasons. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 47, 15-23.
Mbuthia, J.M., Mayer, M., and Reinsch, N. (2022). A review of methods for improving resolution of milk production data and weather information for measuring heat stress in dairy cattle. Livestock Science 255, 104794.
M'Hamdi, N., Darej, C., Attia, K., Znaidi, I.E.A., Khattab, R., Djelailia, H., Bouraoui, R., Taboubi, R., Marzouki, L., and Ayadi, M. (2021). Modelling THI effects on milk production and lactation curve parameters of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Thermal Biology 99, 102917.
Moradi Shahrbabak, M., Saghi, D.A., Miraei Ashtiani, R., Nejati Javaremi, A., and Mehrabani Yeganeh, H. (2006). Adaptability of Holstein dairy cows to the climatic conditions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 37(1), 17-24. (In Persian)
Nazari, M., Rashidi, A., Razm Kabir, M., and Kazemy, M. (2020a). The evaluation of the effect of imported semen based on different selection indices on the phenotypic changes of production traits of Holstein cattle in various climates of Iran. Animal Sciences Journal 33, 3-16. (In Persian)
Nazari, M., Rashidi, A., Razm Kabir, M., Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., and Kazemy, M. (2020b). Evaluation of the genetic-economic merit for imported semen of Holstein bulls in various climates of Iran. Animal Sciences Journal 33, 71-80.
Ouellet, V., Cabrera, V., Fadul-Pacheco, L., and Charbonneau, É. (2019). The relationship between the number of consecutive days with heat stress and milk production of Holstein dairy cows raised in a humid continental climate. Journal of Dairy Science 102, 8537-8545.
Ranjpour, R., Aghajani, H., and Salmani, A. (2021). Investigating the economic factors affecting milk supply in Iran, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Agricultural Economics Research 13, 18-29. (In Persian)
Rashidi, A., and Mirza Mohammadi, E. (2014). Estimation of genotype by environment interaction for production traits in Iranian Holstein cattle. Animal Sciences Journal 27, 25-32. (In Persian)
Raziei, T. (2017). An outlook on the Iranian Köppen-Geiger climate zones in the 21st century. Iranian Journal of Geophysics 11, 84-100. (In Persian)
Shahdadi, A., Tahmoorespur, M., and Shariati, M.M. (2017). Genetic analysis of productive performance of holstein dairy cows in different climate regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research 9, 93-103. (In Persian)
Shokoohi, Z. (2019). The impact of climate change on the cost efficiency of dairy farms in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 50, 97-107. (In Persian)