ارزیابی ژنتیکی سخت‌زایی گاوهای هلشتاین با استفاده از مدل‌های خطی و آستانه‌ای

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

3 استاد، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش کنونی ارزیابی ژنتیکی سخت‌زایی گاوهای هلشتاین با مدل­های خطی، خطی تصحیح شده و آستانه­ای بود. اطلاعات شامل رکوردهای ویرایش شده 133876 راس گاو مربوط به هشت گله از گله­های گاو هلشتاین اصفهان بود که طی سال­های 1384 تا 1397 توسط تعاونی وحدت جمع­آوری شده بودند. اثر عوامل ثابت موجود در مدل شامل گله، سال-فصل زایش، جنسیت گوساله و سن اولین زایش و آثار تصادفی شامل پدر گاو و پدر گوساله و محیط دائم مادر بود. ویرایش رکوردها و کنترل کیفیت داده‌ها با نرم‌افزار SAS و ارزیابی ژنتیکی حیوانات با مدل‌های مورد مطالعه به کمک نرم‌افزار DMU انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که گله و سال-فصل زایش، جنسیت گوساله و سن اولین زایش بر نرخ وقوع سخت‌زایی تأثیر داشتند. وراثت­پذیری مستقیم سخت‌زایی در تلیسه­ها و گاوها با مدل خطی به‌ترتیب 10/0 و 07/0 و با مدل آستانه­ای به‌ترتیب 13/0 و 10/0 برآورد شد. وراثت‌پذیری برآورد شده با مدل خطی پس از تصحیح و تبدیل به مقیاس زمینه­ای در تلیسه‌ها به 19/0 و در گاوها به 14/0 افزایش یافت. همبستگی ژنتیکی بین اثر مستقیم و مادری در مدل­های آستانه­ای و خطی برای تلیسه­ها و گاوها 56/0- تا 74/0- برآورد شد. به دلیل همبستگی­های رتبه­ای متفاوت، رتبه بندی حیوانات براساس ارزش اصلاحی پیش­بینی‌شده با مدل­های خطی و آستانه­ای متفاوت بود. معیار آکایک محاسبه‌شده برای مدل آستانه‌ای از مدل خطی کمتر بود و بنابراین در پیش­بینی ارزش اصلاحی حیوانات مدل آستانه‌ای نسبت به مدل خطی برتری دارد و این مدل برای ارزیابی ژنتیکی سخت‌زایی پیشنهاد می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Genetic analysis of dystocia in Holstein cattle using linear and threshold models

نویسندگان [English]

  • Arezoo Shahsavari 1
  • Mohammad Razmkabir 2
  • Amir Rashidi 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, ‎Sanandaj, Iran
2 Assistant Professor; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3 Professor; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

The objective of the present study was to perform genetic evaluation of dystocia, using linear (observed and adjusted) and threshold models in Holstein cattle. Data and pedigree information of 8 dairy herds were obtained from Vahdat Industrial Agriculturists & Dairymen Cooperative, Isfahan, Iran. Final data included 133876 calving records during 2005 to 2018. The fixed effects of the model were included, herd, year-season of calving, calf gender and age at first calving.  The random effects of the model were included sire, maternal grandsire, permanent environment of dam and residual effects. Furthermore, 305-day milk yield was considered as a covariate in the final equation. Quality control and data validation were conducted in SAS and Microsoft Excel. Genetic evaluations and prediction of breeding values for dystocia was computed, using different statistical models by DMU program. Direct heritability for dystocia for heifers and other cows based on linear model were 0.10 and 0.07 and based on threshold model were 0.13 and 0.10, respectively. Estimated heritability was higher in threshold model compare to the linear model. The results of this study showed that beyond the environmental improvement, genetic selection might be an option for decreasing dystocia. Estimated heritability for heifers and other cows by the linear model were adjusted on the underlying scale to 0.19 and 0.14, respectively. Estimated correlations between direct and maternal genetic effects were negative and ranged from -0.56 to -0.74, indicating the genetic antagonism between direct and maternal effects. The Spearman rank correlations for breeding values predicted from the linear and threshold models were significant and different from 1, indicating that ranking of animals are not unique in linear and threshold models. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), threshold model was better and more accurate than linear model for genetic analysis of dystocia in Holstein cows.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Genetic parameters
  • Calving difficulty
  • Linear model
  • Rank correlation
  • Threshold model‎
  1. Abdel-Azim, G.A. & Berger, P.J. (1999). Properties of threshold model predictions. Journal of Animal Science, 77, 582-590.
  2. Abdullahpour, R., Moradi Shahrbabak, M., Mehrbani Yeganeh, H., Sayadnejad, M. & Eghbal, A. (2006). Genetic analysis of dystocia in Holstein cattle of Iran by threshold & linear models. In: Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
  3. Alam, M., Dang, C.G., Choi, T.J., Choy, Y.H., Lee, J.G. & Cho, K.H. (2017). Genetic parameters of calving ease using sire-maternal grandsire model in Korean Holsteins. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 30, 1225.
  4. Albera, A., Groen, A.F. & Carnier, P. (2004). Genetic relationships between calving performance and beef production traits in Piemontese cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 82, 3440-3446.
  5. Alday, S. & Ugarte, E. (1998). Genetic evaluation of calving ease in Spanish Holstein population. Interbull Bulletin, 18, 21-24.
  6. Bar-Anan, R., Soller, M. & Bowman, J.C. (1976). Genetic and environmental factors affecting the incidence of difficult calving and perinatal calf mortality in Israeli-Friesian dairy herds. Animal Science, 22, 299-310.
  7. Barraclough, R.A.C., Shaw, D.J., Boyce, R., Haskell, M.J. & Macrae, A.I. (2020). The behavior of dairy cattle in late gestation, effects of parity and dystocia. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 714-722.
  8. Berry, D.P., Lee, J.M., Macdonald, K.A. & Roche, J.R. (2007). Body condition score and body weight effects on dystocia and stillbirths and consequent effects on post calving performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 4201-4211.
  9. Carlen, E., Emanuelson, U. & Strandberg, E. (2006). Genetic evaluation of mastitis in dairy cattle using linear models, threshold models, and survival analysis: a simulation study. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 4049-4057.
  10. Dekkers, J.C.M. (1994). Optimal breeding strategies for calving ease. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 3441-3453.
  11. Deutscher, G.H., Colburn, D. & Davis, R. (1999). Climate affects calf birth weights and calving difficulty. Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports Paper, 400, 7-9.
  12. Djemali, M.P.J., Berger, P.J. & Freeman, A.E. (1987). Ordered categorical sire evaluations for dystocia in Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 70, 2374.
  13. Eaglen, S.A.E. & Bijma, P. (2009). Genetic parameters of direct and maternal effects for calving ease in Dutch Holstein-Friesian cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 2229-2237.
  14. Eaglen, S. A. E., Coffey, M. P., Woolliams, J. A. & Wall, E. (2013). Direct and maternal genetic relationships between calving ease, gestation length, milk production, fertility, type, and lifespan of Holstein-Friesian primiparous cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 96, 4015-4025.
  15. Eghbalsaied, S., Abdullahpour, R. & Honarvar, M. (2012). Genetic evaluation for calving ease trait using linear and threshold models in first parity dairy cows. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7, 1395-1399.
  16. Eriksson, S., Nasholm, A., Johansson, K. & Philipsson, J. (2004). Genetic parameters for calving difficulty, stillbirth, and birth weight for Hereford and Charolais at first and later parities. Journal of Animal Science, 82, 375-383.
  17. Falconer, D.S. (1996). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 3rd edition. Longman Group (FE) Ltd, 438 pp.
  18. Fatehi, J., Jamrozik, J. & Schaeffer, L.R. (2006). Phenotypic and genetic trends in Canadian Holstein female reproductive traits. In: Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
  19. Gevrekci, Y., Chang, Y.M., Kızılkaya, K., Gianola, D., Weigel, K.A. & Akbaș, Y. (2006). Bayesian inference for calving ease and stillbirth in Holsteins using a bivariate threshold sire-maternal grandsire model. In: Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
  20. Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh, N., Salimi, M.H. & Shadparvar, A.A. (2018). Bayesian estimates of genetic relationship between calving difficulty and productive and reproductive performance in Holstein cows. Animal Production Science, 58, 785-790.
  21. Gianola, D. (1982). Theory and analysis of threshold characters. Journal of animal Science, 54, 1079-1096.
  22. Gianola, D. & Foulley, J.L. (1983). Sire evaluation for ordered categorical data with a threshold model. Genetics, Selection, Evolution, 15, 201.
  23. Gilmour, A.R., Anderson, R.D. & Rae, A.L. (1987). Variance components on an underlying scale for ordered multiple threshold categorical data using a generalized linear mixed model. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 104, 149-155.
  24. Hansen, M., Lund, M.S., Pedersen, J. & Christensen, L.G. (2004a). Gestation length in Danish Holsteins has weak genetic associations with stillbirth, calving difficulty, and calf size. Livestock Production Science, 9, 23-33.
  25. Hansen, M., Misztal, I., Lund, M.S., Pedersen, J. & Christensen, L.G. (2004b). Undesired phenotypic and genetic trend for stillbirth in Danish Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 1477-1486.
  26. Heins, B.J., Hansen, L.B. & Seykora, A.J. (2006). Calving difficulty and stillbirths of pure Holsteins versus crossbreds of Holstein with Normande, Montbeliarde, and Scandinavian Red. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 2805-2810.
  27. Heringstad, B., Chang, Y.M., Svendsen, M. & Gianola, D. (2007). Genetic analysis of calving difficulty and stillbirth in Norwegian Red cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 3500-3507.
  28. Hickey, J.M., Keane, M.G., Kenny, D.A., Cromie, A.R., Amer, P.R. & Veerkamp, R.F. (2007). Heterogeneity of genetic parameters for calving difficulty in Holstein heifers in Ireland. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 3900-3908.
  29. Jamrozik, J., Fatehi, J., Kistemaker, G.J. & Schaeffer, L.R. (2005). Estimates of genetic parameters for Canadian Holstein female reproduction traits. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 2199-2208.
  30. Jensen, J., Mantysaari, E.A., Madsen, P. & Thompson, R. (1997). Residual maximum likelihood estimation of (co)variance components in multivariate mixed linear models using average information. Journal of the Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics, 49, 215-236.
  31. Johanson, J.M. & Berger, P.J. (2003). Birth Weight as a Predictor of Calving Ease and Perinatal Mortality in Holstein Cattle1. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 3745-3755.
  32. Johanson, J.M., Berger, P.J., Tsuruta, S. & Misztal, I. (2011). A Bayesian threshold-linear model evaluation of perinatal mortality, dystocia, birth weight, and gestation length in a Holstein herd1. Journal of Dairy Science, 94: 450-460.
  33. Klassen, D.J., Cue, R.I. & Hayes, J.F. (1990). Estimation of repeatability of calving ease in Canadian Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 73, 205-212
  34. Lombard, J.E., Garry, F.B., Tomlinson, S.M. & Garber, L.P. (2007). Impacts of dystocia on health and survival of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 1751-1760.
  35. Lopez de Maturana, E.L., Ugarte, E. & González-Recio, O. (2007). Impact of calving ease on functional longevity and herd amortization costs in Basque Holsteins using survival analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 4451-4457.
  36. Luo, M.F., Boettcher, P.J., Schaeffer, L.R. & Dekkers, J.C.M. (2002). Estimation of genetic parameters of calving ease in first and second parities of Canadian Holsteins using Bayesian methods. Livestock Production Science, 74, 175-184.
  37. Madsen, P. (2010). A program to trace the pedigree for a sub set of animals from a larger pedigree file. University of Aarhus, Research Centre Foulum, DJF, Tjele, Denmark.
  38. Madsen, P. & Jensen, J. (2013). DMU, A Package for Analyzing Multivariate Mixed Models. Version 6, Release 5.2.
  39. Madsen, P., Sørensen, P., Su, G., Damgaard, L.H., Thomsen, H. & Labouriau, R. (2006). DMU-a package for analyzing multivariate mixed models. In: Proceedings of 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
  40. Manfredi, E., Ducrocq, V. & Foulley, J.L. (1991). Genetic analysis of dystocia in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 1715-1723.
  41. Mark, T. (2004). Applied genetic evaluations for production and functional traits in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 2641-2652.
  42. McClintock, S. (2004). A Genetic evaluation of dystocia in Australian Holstein Friesian cattle. Ph.D. Dissertation. Institute of Land and Food Resources, University of Melbourne. 245 pp.
  43. Mee, J.F. (2008). Newborn dairy calf management. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24, 1-17.
  44. Meyer, C.L., Berger, P.J., Koehler, K.J., Thompson, J.R. & Sattler, C.G. (2001). Phenotypic trends in incidence of stillbirth for Holsteins in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 515-523.
  45. Mokhtari, M. (2016). Genetic evaluation of production and reproduction traits of Iranian Holstein cows using structural equation modeling. PhD Dissertation. University of Tehran, Iran.
  46. Mokhtari, M., Mohammadi, Y. & Razmkabir, M. (2018). Improving genetic evaluation of dystocia applying correlated traits in Iranian Holsteins. Journal of Modern Genetics, 3, 419-422. (in Farsi)
  47. Nix, J.M., Spitzer, J.C., Grimes, L.W., Burns, G.L. & Plyler, B.B. (1998). A retrospective analysis of factors contributing to calf mortality and dystocia in beef cattle. Theriogenology, 49, 1515-1523.
  48. Philipsson, J. (1976). Studies on calving difficulty, stillbirth and associated factors in Swedish cattle breeds. Genetic Parameters. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 26, 211-220.
  49. Sargolzaei M., Iwaisaki H., Colleau J.J. (2006). CFC: a tool for monitoring genetic diversity. In 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
  50. SAS Institute Inc. (2013). Base SAS® 9.4 Procedures Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  51. Snell, E. (1964). A Scaling Procedure for Ordered Categorical Data. Biometrics, 20, 592-596
  52. Steinbock, L. (2006). Comparative aspects on genetics of stillbirth and calving difficulty in Swedish dairy cattle breeds. Licentiate Thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. ISBN 91-576-7151-6.
  53. Steinbock, L., Näsholm, A., Berglund, B., Johansson, K. & Philipsson, J. (2003). Genetic effects on stillbirth and calving difficulty in Swedish Holsteins at first and second calving. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2228-2235.
  54. Tenhagen, B. A., Helmbold, A. & Heuwieser, W. (2007). Effect of various degrees of dystocia in dairy cattle on calf viability, milk production, fertility and culling. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 54: 98-102.
  55. Uematsu, M., Sasaki, Y., Kitahara, G., Sameshima, H. & Osawa, T. (2013). Risk factors for stillbirth and dystocia in Japanese Black cattle. The Veterinary Journal, 198, 212-216.
  56. Vanderick, S., Troch, T., Gillon, A., Glorieux, G. & Gengler, N. (2014). Genetic parameters for direct and maternal calving ease in Walloon dairy cattle based on linear and threshold models. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 131, 513-521.
  57. Vostry, L., Veselá, Z., Svitáková, A. & Vydrová, H.V. (2014). Comparison of models for estimating genetic parameters and predicting breeding values for birth weight and calving ease in Czech Charolais cattle. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 59, 302-309.
  58. Weller, J.I. & Ezra, E. (2016). Genetic analysis of calving traits by the multi-trait individual animal model. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 427-442.
  59. Weller, J.I., Misztal, I. & Glanola, D. (1988). Genetic analysis of dystocia and calf mortality in Israeli-Holsteins by threshold and linear models. Journal of Dairy Science, 71, 2491-2501.
  60. Wiggans, G.R., Misztal, I. & Van Tassell, C.P. (2003). Calving ease (co) variance components for a sire-maternal grandsire threshold model. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 1845-1848.
  61. Willham, R.L. (1972). The role of maternal effects in animal breeding: III. Biometrical aspects of maternal effects in animals. Journal of Animal Science, 35, 1288-1293.