Impact of adding binder toxin to the milk on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, health index, skeletal growth indices and blood metabolites of Simmental calves

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Animal and Poultry nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Department of Animal and Poultry nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

3 Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources

4 Dept. of Animal and poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

In order to ivestigate the effect of different levels of binder toxin on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, health index, feeding behavior, blood and skeletal indices in calves, 18 male Simmental calves with an average age of ten days and a weight of 45±2.5 kg. were used in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six repetitions for 45 days. The experimental treatments included: 1- Control (without binder toxin), 2- with 5 grams of Spud, 3- with 5 grams of Spud Plus per calf per day. The diets were provided to the calves. For measuring the digestibility of nutrients, fecal and feed samples were collected for five days at the end of the experiment period. Skeletal growth indices were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. Blood parameters were measured after an overnight fast on the final day. The results showed that adding different levels of binder toxin had no significant effect on some performance traits such as end weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, but it had a significant effect on daily dry matter intake and total dry matter intake (feed & milk) (P<0.05).  The experimental treatments had no significant effect on dry matter digestibility, fecal consistency, glucose concentration, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen and feed consumption behavior (P≥0.05). According to the results of this study, binder toxin did not have a negative effect on the performance, skeletal growth indices and health of calves, rather it increased and improved feed intake. Therefore, it is recommended to use Spud Plus Binder toxin at a level of 5 grams per day in the diet of calves.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

Aflatoxins are produced by various moulds naturally present in 20 to 30% of global feeds (Streit et al., 2013). These toxins, particularly Aflatoxin B1and are known for their hepatotoxic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects, primarily produced by strains of Aspergillus flavus. Furthermore, Aflatoxins B1 can be transformed into Aflatoxins M1 in milk through metabolite hydroxylation (Creppy, 2002). Contamination of animal feed with fungi and their toxins leads to negative impact on them as reduced growth rates, disease and mortality, in addition to financial losses (Wagacha & Muthomi., 2008). Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated feed by animals can result in symptoms such as digestive problems, soft stools, diarrhea, suppression of the immune system, and reduced performance due to refusal to consume feed (Gallo et al., 2020). Mineral absorbents physically bind to fungal toxins and prevent the movement of these toxins in the digestive system (Kermanshahi et al., 2009). As feed constitutes about 65-70% of costs of raising  calves, optimizing feed utilization  can enhance digestibility and profitability in calf rearing (Dorne et al., 2023). Zeolite  has been shown to improve and prevents metabolic diseases, reducing the risk of hypocalcaemia (Katsoulos et al. 2005).

 

Material and Methods

The current study was carried out during the February and March 2024 in dairy cattle breeding unit located in the village of Karimabad (Gorgan, Iran) using 18 Simmental suckling male calves with an average weight of 45±2.5 kg in a complete randomized design with three treatments and six repetitions for a 45- days (including a 7-day adaptation period). The experimental treatments included: 1- Control (without binder toxin), 2- with 5 grams of Spud, 3- with 5 grams of Spud Plus per calf per day. The toxin binders of this research reached the amount of 5 grams mixed in the milk of the calves in the morning and consumed by the animals. The samples were analyzed in the laboratories of the Faculty of Animal Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan. In order to investigate the effect of experimental treatments on the performance of calves, daily food consumption was calculated through the difference between the amount of feed given and the amount of remaining feed every 24 hours during the experiment. A blood sample was taken to measure blood parameters on the last day of the experiment and before feeding, 10 cc was taken from the jugular vein without the use of anticoagulant, and it was quickly sent to the laboratory in a flask containing ice. The tubes were centrifuged at 3000xg for 10 minutes to separate the serum. The ration was adjusted based on NRC (2001) and was given to the calves in the form of TMR in the form of pellets daily at 8 am. The data was statistically analyzed using SAS9.1 software through a completely randomized design with three treatments and six repetitions. The data related to digestibility and performance of animals, average daily weight gain, daily feed consumption, food conversion ratio and final weight and blood parameters were analyzed using GLM. Also, the average treatments were compared through Duncan's test at a significance level of 5%.

 

Result

The results showed that adding different levels of binder toxin had no significant effect on some performance traits such as end weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, but it had a significant effect on daily dry matter intake and total dry matter intake (feed & milk) (P<0.05).  The experimental treatments had no significant effect on dry matter digestibility, fecal consistency, glucose concentration, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen and feed consumption behavior (P≥0.05).

 

Conclusion

According to the results of this study, binder toxin did not have a negative effect on the performance, skeletal growth indices and health of calves, rather it increased and improved feed intake. Therefore, it is recommended to use Spud Plus Binder toxin at a level of 5 grams per day.

 

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Taghi Ghoorchi., Mostafa Hosseinabadi.; and Abdolhakim Toghdory.,methodology, Mehdi PiyadehKouhsar and Taghi Ghoorchi software, Mehdi PiyadehKouhsar and Abdolhakim Toghdory.;validation, Taghi Ghoorchi., Mostafa Hosseinabadi and Abdolhakim Toghdory.; formal analysis, Abdolhakim Toghdory.; investigation, Mehdi PiyadehKouhsar and Taghi Ghoorchi., resources, Taghi Ghoorchi.;data curation, Taghi Ghoorchi.; writing—original draft preparation, Mostafa Hosseinabadi.; and Mehdi PiyadehKouhsar., writing—review and editing, Taghi Ghoorchi.; visualization, Taghi Ghoorchi.; supervision, Taghi Ghoorchi.; project administration, Taghi Ghoorchi.; funding acquisition, Taghi Ghoorchi. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript

Data Availability Statement

Data available on request from the authors.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Faculty of Animal Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, for providing the field and laboratory facilities for this research. Also,thankful Mr. Mohsen Abedini for her cooperation in conducting this experiment at her dairy cattle breeding unit, and to Bamdad Respina Livestock and Poultry Feed Additives Company for their cooperation in preparing and sending the toxin binder

Ethical considerations

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism,and misconduct.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

منابع

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Iranian Journal of animal Science
Volume 56, Issue 2
June 2025
Pages 239-253

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History

  • Receive Date: 28 May 2024
  • Revise Date: 02 July 2024
  • Accept Date: 21 July 2024

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