Chemical composition of corn steep liquor precipitated with tannin and its effect on trait performance and health of Holstein dairy calves

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 , Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

2 , Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.

3 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khorramabad, Iran

4 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of corn steep liquor precipitated with tannins (CSLP) and its effects on trait performance and health condition of Holstein  calves as a new protein source in milk replacer (MR). A total of 60 Holstein dairy calves (n=20 calves per treatment: 10 males and 10 females) were randomly assigned to the one of the three treatments, including: 1) control group, 2) MR+2% CSLP and 3) MR+4% CSLP. The experimental results showed significant difference on percentage of amino acid profiles in CSLP and MR (except serine, Histidine, Glycine and Tyrosine) (P<0.05). The percentage of crude protein CSLP (26.56%) was significantly higher than MR (22%). The performance traits of calves were not affected by the experimental treatments. Feeding MR+2% CSLP led to a significant reduction of Escherichia coli in fecal on day 28. The use of CSLP had no negative effect on the fecal consistency score of calves from 0 to 56 days of ages (P<0.05). In conclusion, feeding of CSLP as a protein source in MR had no negative effect on trait performance and health of dairy calves

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

The attention to the rearing of calves has been one of the most important and sensitivity management programs in dairy farms, and calves will be the main profit in the coming years. It is very important to use nutritional strategies for their growth and better health. Sucking in the first few weeks of life, due to the undeveloped rumen, cannot meet their entire nutritional requirements through digesting solid feed, therefore, their nutrition primarily relies on milk and milk replacers. Rearing calves with use of milk replacers has becomes a common practice in dairy farming worldwide. Alternative protein source in milk replacer have been a topic of research for many years, but due to high-cost milk replacer, finding its alternative can have an effect on the economic profit of dairy farming. However, partial replacement of milk replacers with lower cost alternative protein sources can be economically advantageous. The corn steep liquor, a by-product of corn starch processing, is a high protein and energy liquid ingredient containing the soluble portions of the corn kernel removed by the steeping process and concentrated to a high solid feed. However, its liquid form hampers its inclusion in ruminants’ rations. Besides, its protein mainly consisted of soluble protein which may be lost as ammonia nitrogen if rations cannot provide a synchronized supply of rumen fermentable organic matter and available nitrogen to rumen microorganisms. In order to reduce protein degradability, tannin supplementation can be reducing the amount of protein degradability in the rumen and expanding the flow of by-pass protein to the small intestine.

 

Materials and methods

    A total of 60 Holstein healthy dairy calves, (39.70±0.50 kg; n=20 calves, 10 males and 10 females in per treatment) were enrolled in the experiment. In a completely randomized design, calves were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: 1) control, 2) milk replacer (MR)+ 2% corn steep liquor precipitated with tannins (CSLP) and 3) milk replacer (MR)+4% corn steep liquor precipitated with tannins (CSLP) (basis of DM). Body weight was measured on the first day of the experimental and every 7 days thereafter before the morning feeding using an electronic scale. Milk intake was measured daily. Individual FI was determined daily by weighing the amounts feed offered and refused to determine DMI. Individual starter intake and MR were computed daily to determine total DMI. Health status was evaluated by measuring daily rectal temperature up to 90 days using thermometer after receiving the morning feed. The fecal consistency score of the calves was recorded before morning feeding for 90 days. Fecal score was established as 1=normal, thick in consistency; 2= normal, but less thick; 3=abnormally thin, but not watery; 4=watery; 5=watery with abnormal coloring. 

 

Results and discussion

 Dietary treatments had no effect on the starter feed DMI and total DMI during the preweaning, postweaning and overall periods. Pre-weaning ADG was similar among the treatments, while post-weaning ADG tended to be greater for calves fed MR+2% CSLP and MR+4% CSLP compared with control group. Also, pre, post weaning and overall FCR was not affected by the dietary treatments. Despite the non-significant effect of feeding calves with MR containing CSLP on FI and FCR, CSLP inclusion numerically improved FI and FCR, which might be due to its effects on calves’ health status and improvement of fecal consistency. Improving the condition of the gastrointestinal may improve nutrient uptake and increase calf performance. The CSLP containing 48.98% of insoluble protein that can pass through the rumen. This decrease in protein digestibility is due to the strong interaction between tannin and dietary protein and the effect of tannin on protease activity. Feeding calves with MR+2% CSLP led to a significantly reduction of Escherichia coli in fecal on day 28. Compared with the control group, MR+2% CSLP results in a lower occurrence of diarrhea. Tannin-rich compounds have anti-diarrhea effects. Therefore, the anti-microbial effects of polyphenolic compounds are directly involved in reducing gastrointestinal infections, which in turn may decrease the occurrence of diarrhea in calves.

 

Conclusions

   In general, according to the results of the present experiment, use of CSLP as a protein source in MR up to 4% had no negative effect on performance traits and health dairy calves.

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Iranian Journal of animal Science
Volume 55, Issue 1
March 2024
Pages 47-70

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  • Receive Date: 10 April 2023
  • Revise Date: 10 May 2023
  • Accept Date: 17 May 2023

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