Effects of positive and negative dietary cation-anion difference in close-up Holstein ‎heifers on performance, blood metabolites and immunoglobulin of colostrum

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Animal Science, Arak University, Iran‎

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Arak University, Iran‎

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Arak University, Iran‎

Abstract

Supplementing anionic salts to make negative DCAD in close-up heifers’ diets is still a challenging topic in formulation of dairy cattle rations. Twelve close-up Holstein heifers (21 ± 7 d expected to calving date) were fed individually and allocated to two treatments of 6 animals each. Experimental treatments were; 1) positive DCAD with level of +165 meq/kg basis on dry matter; and 2) negative DCAD with the level of -85 meq/kg basis on dry matter. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, colostrum yield and its immunoglobulins content and some blood metabolites (pre- and post-partum) were evaluated. The results show that DMI was similar between treatments. The blood pH was lesser in negative-DCAD fed heifers. Among blood metabolites, only Ca was increased in negative-DCAD fed heifers. Colostrum and milk yield and milk composition, colostrum concentrations of IgM and IgA were similar between treatments. However, serum and colostrum concentrations of IgG were slightly increased in negative-DCAD fed heifers; a further research should be carried out to elaborate on the effects of using negative-DCAD rations in close-up heifers exposed to stressful conditions. 

Keywords


  1. Barrington, G.M., Besser, T.E. & Davis, W.C. (1997). Expression of immunoglobulin G1 receptors in bovine mammary epithelial cells and mammary leukocytes. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 86-93.
  2. Block, E. (1984). Manipulating dietary anions and cations for prepartum dairy cows to reduce incidence of milk fever. Journal of Dairy Science, 67, 2939-2948.
  3. Cebra, C.K., Gerry, F.B., Getzy, D.M. & Fettman, M.J. (1997) Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic lactating Holstein cattle. A retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 4, 231-237.
  4. Charbonneau, E., Pellerin, D. & Oetzel, G.R. (2006). Impact of lowering dietary cation-anion difference in non-lactating dairy cows; a meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 537-548.
  5. DeGroot, M.A., Block, E. & French, P.D. (2010). Effect of prepartum anionic supplementation on periparturient feed intake, health, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 5268-5279.
  6. Dhiman, T.R. & Sasidharan, V. (1999). Effectiveness of calcium chloride in increasing blood calciumconcentrations of periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 1597-1605.
  7. Ender, F., Dishington, I.W. & Helgebostad, A. (1971). Calcium balance studies in dairy cows under experimental induction and prevention of hypocalcaemia paresis puerperalis. Zeitschrift Tierphysiologie Tierenahrung, Futtermittelkunde, 28, 233-256.
  8. Ferguson, J. D., Galligan, D.T. & Thomsen, N. (1994). Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 2695-2703.
  9. Fredeen, A.H., DePeters, E.J. & Baldwin, R.L. (1988). Characterization of acid-base disturbances and effects on calcium of dietary fixed ions in pregnant or lactating does.  Journal of Animal Science, 66, 159-173.
  10. Giulio, C., Francesca, D.C., Pesavento, A., Ravarotto, L. & Gianfranco, G. (2005). Effects of two different prepartum diets on some metabolic traits and productive response in multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation. Italian Journal of Dairy Science, 4, 127-130.
  11. Goff, J.P. & Horst, R.L. (1998). Use of hydrochloric acid as a source of anions for prevention of milk fever. Journal of Dairy Science, 81, 2874-2880.
  12. Goff, J.P. (2008a). Transition Cow Immune Function and Interaction with Metabolic Diseases. Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference, pp: 45-57.
  13. Goff, J.P. & Horst, R.L. (1997). Physiology and management; physiological changes at parturition and theirrelationship to metabolic disorders. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1260-268.
  14. Goff, J.P. & Kimura, K. (2002). Effect of mastectomy on milk fever, energy, and vitamins A, E, and β-carotene status at parturition. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 1427-1436.
  15. Grafton, G. & Thwaite, L. (2001). Calcium channels in lymphocytes. Immunology, 104, 119-126.
  16. Grummer, R.R., Mashek, D.G. & Hayirli, A. (2004). Dry matter intake and energy balance in the transition period. Veterinary Clinics North American Food Animal Practice, 20, 447-70.
  17. Horst, R.L., Goff, J.P., Reinhardt, T.A. & Boxton, D.R. (1997). Strategies for preventing milk fever indairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1269-1280.
  18. Jones, G. (2008). Pharmocokinetics of Vitamin D toxicity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88(Suppl), 582S-586S.
  19. Joyce, P.W., Sanchez, W.K. & Goff, J. P. (1997). Effect of anionic salts in prepartum diets based on alfalfa. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 2866-2875.
  20. Kimura, K., Reinhardt, T.A. & Goff, J.P. (2006). Parturition and hypocalcemia blunts calcium signals in immunecells of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 2588-2595.
  21. Martinez, N., Risco, C.A., Lima, F.S., Bisinotto, R.S., Greco, L.F., Ribeiro, E.S., Maunsell, F., Galvao, K.N. & Santos, J.E.P. (2012). Evaluation of peripartal calcium status, energetic profile, and neutrophil function in dairy cows at low or high risk of developing uterine disease. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 7158-7152.
  22. Melendez, P., Donovan, G.A., Risco, C.A., Littell, R. & Goff, J.P. (2003). Effect of calcium-energy supplementson calving-related disorders, fertility and milk yield during the transition period in cows fed anionic diets.Theriogenology, 60, 843-854.
  23. Moore, S.J., Vandehaar, M.J., Sharma, K., Pilbcam, T.F., Beede, D.K., Bucholtz, F., Liesman, J.S., Horst, R.L. & Goff, J.P. (2000). Effect of altering dietary cation-Anion difference on calcium andenergy metabolism in prepartum cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 53, 2095-2099.
  24. Muller, L.D. & Ellinger, D.K. (1981). Colostral immunoglobulin concentrations among breeds of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 64, 1727-1730.
  25. National Research Council. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  26. Nelson, C.D., Reinhardt, T.A., Thacker, T.C., Beitz, D.C. & Lippolis, J.D. (2010). Modulation of the bovine innate immune response by production of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in bovine monocytes. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 1041-1049.
  27. Nonnecke, B.J., Kimura, K., Goff, J.P., Marcus, J. & Kehrli, E. (2003). Effects of the mammary gland on functional capacities of nblood mononuclear leukocyte populations from periparturient cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2359-2368.
  28. Oetzel, G.R. & Barmore, J.A. (1993). Intake of a concentrate mixture containing various anionic saltsfed to pregnant, nonlactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 76, 1617-1623.
  29. Sanchez, W. K. (2003). The latest in dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) Nutrition. In: Proceeding of43rd Annual Dairy Cattle Day 26th March., Main Theater. University of California. Davis Campus.
  30. Sasaki, M., Davis, C.L. & Larson, B.L. (1976). Production and turnover of IgG1 and IgG2 immunoglobulin in the bovine around parturition. Journal of Dairy Science, 59, 2046-2055.
  31. Tucker, W., Xin, Z. & Hemkin, R.W. (1991). Influence of calcium chloride on systemic acid-base status and calcium metabolism indairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 1401-1407.
  32. Tucker, W.B., Xin, Z. & Hemkin, R.W. (1988). Influence of dietary calcium chloride onadaptive changes in acid-base status and mineral metabolism in lactating dairycows fed a diet high in sodium bicarbonate. Journal of Dairy Science, 71, 1587-1597.
  33. Van Mosel, M., Van’t Klooster, A.T., van Mosel, F. & Kuilen, J.V.D. (1993). Effects of reducing dietary [(Na+ + K+) – (Cl- + SO4)] on the rate of calcium mobilization by dairy cows at parturition. Research in Veterinary Science, 54, 1-9.
  34. Wu, W.X., Liu, J.X., Xu, G.Z. & Ye, J.A. (2008). Calcium homeostasis acid-base balance, and healthstatus in preparturient Holstein cows fed diets with low cation-anion difference. Livestock Science, 117, 7-14.