Interaction effects of concentrate level and duration of fattening period in lambs on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, and volatile fatty acid concentration

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student, Department of Animal Science, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of levels of concentrate and duration of fattening period in lambs on in vitro gas production (GP), fermentation parameters, protozoa number, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration. Twenty-seven Lori male lambs (26±5 kg BW) were fed with three experimental diets (55, 70 and 85% concentrate) for 100 days (9 lambs for each). At 70 and 100 days of fattening period, ruminal fluids from lambs in each group were collected by the esophagus tube. The mixed ruminal fluids were used for In vitro GP test. Results showed that potential (b) and rate (c) of GP were affected neither by level of concentrate nor by duration of consumption of diets (P>0.05). Organic matter digestibility of diets increased (P<0.05) by increasing concentrate level; however it was decreased (P<0.05) by duration of fattening period. The NH3-N concentration increased (P<0.05) by increasing the concentration level and duration of the fattening period of the diets. Number of protozoa and total VFA concentration in diet containing 85% concentrate was higher (P<0.05) than those with 55 and 75% concentrate. With the extension of fattening period, propionic acid, and iso-butyric acid decreased (P<0.05), while the acetic acid, iso-valeric acid decreased (P<0.05). Interaction effects of concentrate level and duration of fattening on GP after 24 h of incubation, propionic acid, and butyric acid were observed (P<0.05) In conclusion, reducing the fattening period when lambs fed a high concentrate diet may exert beneficial effects on rumen fermentation parameters.

Keywords

References

  1. AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
  2. Arbabi, S., Ghoorchi, T., Ramezanpour, S. S. & Torbatinejad, N. (2014). Effects of forage to concentrate ratios based on faba bean on fermentation, cellulase enzyme activity, and population of bacteria in rumen sheep. Ph.D. Thesis Faculty of Animal Nutrition, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.
  3. Asadi, A., Kiani, A., Azarfar, A. & Valipour, A. (2016). Effects of Metafix with or without Monensin on performance and blood metabolites in Farahani lambs. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 47, 421-428. (in Farsi)
  4. Beuvink, J. M. V. & Spoelstra, S. F. (1992). Interactions between substrate, fermentation end-products, buffering system and gas production upon fermentation of different carbohydrates by mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 37 (4), 505-509.
  5. Blümmel, M., Karsli, A. & Russell J. R. (2003). Influence of diet on growth yields of rumen microorganisms in vitro and in vivo: Influence on growth yield of variable carbon fluxes to fermentation products. British Journal of Nutrition, 90, 625-634.
  6. Blümmel, M., Steingss, H. & Becker, K. (1997). The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and 15N incorporation and its implications for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. British Journal of Nutrition, 77, 911-921.
  7. Broderick, G. & Kang, J. H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63, 64-75.
  8. Carro, M. D., Valdés, C., Ranilla, M.J. & González, J.S. (2000). Effect of forage to concentrate ratio in the diet on ruminal fermentation and digesta flow kinetics in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 127-134.
  9. Chamberlain, D. G. Robertson, S. & Choung, J. J. (1993). Sugars versus starch as supplements to grass silage: effects on ruminal fermentation and the supply of microbial protein to the small intestine, estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives in sheep. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 63, 189-194.
  10. Calsamiglia, S., Cardozo, P.W., Ferret, A. & Bach, A. (2008). Changes in rumen microbial fermentation are due to a combined effect of type of diet and pH. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 702-711.
  11. Dehority, B. A. (2003). Rumen Microbiology. Nottingham University Press. Nottingham, U.K.
  12. Dijkstra, J., Ellis, J. L., Kebreab, E., Strathe, A. B., Lopez, S., France, J. & Bannink, A. (2012). Ruminal pH regulation and nutritional consequences of low pH. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 172, 22-33.
  13. Gudla, P., AbuGhazaleh, A. A., Ishlak, A. & Jones, K. (2012). The effect of level of forage and oil supplement on biohydrogenation intermediates and bacteria in continuous cultures. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 171, 108-116.
  14. Hinders, R. G. & Owen, F. G. (1965). Relation of ruminal parakeratosis development to volatile fatty acid absorption. Journal of Dairy Science, 48, 1069-1078.
  15. Krishnamurthy, U., Steingass, U. & Menke, K. H. (1991). Preliminary observations on the relationship between gas production and microbial synthesis in vitro. Archive of Animal Nutrition, 41(5), 521-526.
  16. Marten, G. C. & Barnes, R. F. (1980). Prediction of energy digestibility of forages within vitro rumen fermentation and fungal enzymes systems. In: Pidgen, W. J., Balch, C. C. & Graham, M. (Eds), Standardization of Analytical Methodology for Feeds. (pp 61-71.) International Development Research Center, Ottawa.
  17. Menke K. H. & Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28, 7-55.
  18. Mao, S. Y., Huo, W. J. & Zhu, W. Y. (2016). Microbiome-metabolome analysis reveals unhealthy alterations in the composition and metabolism of ruminal microbiota with increasing dietary grain in a goat model. Environmental Microbiology, 18, 525-541.
  19. Nocek, J. E. (1997). Bovine acidosis: Implications on laminitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1005-1028.
  20. Nocek, J. E. & Kesler, E. M. (1980). Growth and rumen characteristics of Holstein steers fed pelleted or conventional diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 63, 249-254.
  21. NRC. (2007). Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington (DC, USA): National Academy of Sciences.
  22. Norollahi, H. (2007). Effect of fattening period on growth and carcass characteristics of male Turkey-Ghashghaii lambs. Journal of Pajohesh and Sazandegi, 75, 132-137.
  23. Owens, F. N., Secrist, D. S., Hill, W. J. & Gill, D. R (1998). Acidosis in cattle: a review. Journal of Animal Science, 76, 275-286.
  24. Papi, N. & Mostafa Tehrani, A. (2017). Effects of dietary concentrate levels on growth performance, feed intake and carcass characteristics of fattening shall male lambs. Journal of Ruminant Research, 5(2). (in Farsi)
  25. Stewart, C. S. (1977). Factors affecting the cellulolytic of rumen contents. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 33, 497-503.
  26. Sun, Y. Z., Mao, S. Y. & Zhu, W. Y. (2010). Rumen chemical and bacterial changes during stepwise adaptation to a high-concentrate diet in goats. Animal, 4, 210-217.
  27. Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. & Lewis, A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597.
  28. Wanapat, M., Gunun, P., Anantasook, N. & Kang, S. (2013). Changes of rumen pH, fermentation and microbial population as influenced by different ratios of roughage (rice straw) to concentrate in dairy steers. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 152, 675-685.
  29. Wang, Y. H., Xua, M., Wang, F. N., Yz, Z. P., Yao, J. H., Zan, L. S. & Yang, F. X. (2009). Effect of dietary starch on rumen and small intestine morphology and digesta pH in goats. Livestock Science, 122, 48-52.
  30. Zang, J., Shi, H., Wang, Y., Li, S., Cao, Z., Ji, S., He, Y. & Zang, H. (2017). Effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratios on dynamic profile changes and interactions of ruminal microbiota and metabolites in Holstein heifers. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02206.
  31. Zitnan, R., Kuhla, S., Nurnberg, K., Schonhusen, U., Ceresankova, Z. & Sommer, A. (2003). Influence of the diet on the morphology of ruminal and intestinal mucosa and on intestinal carbohydrate levels in cattle. Veterinary Medicine-Czech, 48,177-182.
Iranian Journal of animal Science
Volume 50, Issue 2
September 2019
Pages 159-169

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 May 2019
  • Revise Date: 01 September 2019
  • Accept Date: 15 September 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics