Evaluation of performance parameters, internal organ weights and some immune responses of broiler chicks through iron sulfate supplementation during different feeding periods

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of iron (0, 40, and 80 mg/kg) with iron sulfate source (FeSO4) on performance, internal organ weights and immune response of boiler chicks in periods of whole production (w: 1-42 days of age), grower and finisher (GF: 11-42 day of age) and finisher (F: 25-42 day of age) using a 3×3 factorial experiment. The results showed that the utilization of 80 mg/kg FeSO4 significantly (P<0.05) decreased daily feed intake of broilers during T period. The addition of 40 mg/kg FeSO4 into the diet significantly decreased the relative weights of jejunum, ileum and whole intestine (P<0.05). The relative weight of bursa of Fabricius was higher in chicks fed 40 mg/kg FeSO4 supplement in F period as compared to birds fed control diet (P<0.05). The positive effects was observed on blood monocytes in chicks fed diet containing FeSO4 supplement during F period compared to T period (P<0.05). Furthermore, the inclusion of 40 and 80 mg FeSO4/kg diet linearly (P<0.01) increased blood lymphocytes percentage of broilers. According to the results of this experiment, it seems that the utilization of 40 and 80 mg/kg FeSO4 can improve carcass quality by reduction of small intestine weight and have beneficial effects on immunological responses of broiler chicks especially during F period.

Keywords

References

  1. Abbaspour, N., Hurrell, R. & Kelishadi, R. (2014). Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of Research Medical Science, 19, 164-174.
  2. Aviagen. (2014). Ross 308 Broiler Nutrition specification. Aviagen Incorporated Publishing, Huntsville, AL, USA.
  3. Bess, F., Vieira, S. L., Favero, A., Cruz, R. A. & Nascimento, P. C. (2012). Dietary iron effects on broiler breeder performance and egg iron contents. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 178, 67-73.
  4. Bowlus, C. L. (2003). The role of iron in T cell development and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2, 73-78.
  5. Brenes, A., Smith, M., Guenter, W. & Marquardt, R. R. (1993). Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat- and barleybased diets. Poultry Science, 72, 1731-1739.
  6. Buzala, M., Slomka, A. & Janicki, B. (2016).  Heme iron in meat as the main source of iron in the human diet, a review. Journal of Elementology, 21, 303-314.
  7. Campbell, T. W. (1994). Hematology. In: Ritchie, B.W., Harrison, G.J. & Harrison, L.R. (Eds.), Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. 1th edition. Wingers Publishing Inc., Lake Worth, FL., Pp.176-198.
  8. Campbell T. W. (1995). Avian Haematology and Cytology. Iowa State University Press, USA.
  9. Carpenter, C. E. & Mahoney, A. W. (1992). Contributions of heme and nonheme iron to human nutrition. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 31, 333-367.
  10. Davis, P. N., Norris, L. C. & Kratzer, F. H. (1962). Iron deficiency studies in chicks using treated isolated soybean protein diets. Journal of Nutrition, 78, 445-453.
  11. Dibner, J., Knight, C., Kitchell, M., Atwell, C., Downs, A. & Ivey, F. (1998). Early feeding and development of the immune system in neonatal poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 7, 425-436.
  12. Doneley, B. & Doneley, R. (2010). Avian Medicine and Surgery in Practice: Companion and Aviary Birds. 2th edition. Manson Publishing Ltd., London, UK.
  13. Hampton, M. B., Kettle, A. J. & Winterbourn, C. C. (1998). Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing. Blood, 92, 3007-3017.
  14. Jarosz, L., Kwiecień, M., Marek, A., Gradzki, Z., Winiarska-Mieczan, A., Kalinowski, M. & Laskowska, E. (2016). Effects of feed supplementation with glycine chelate and iron sulfate on selected parameters of cell-mediated immune response in broiler chickens. Research in Veterinary Science, 107, 68-74.
  15. Katanbaf, M. N., Dunnington, E. A. & Siegel, P. B. (1989). Restricted feeding in early and late feathering chickens. 1. Growth and physiological responses. Poultry Science, 68, 344-351.
  16. Kemp. J. D. (1993). The role of iron and iron binding proteins in lymphocyte physiology and pathology. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 13, 81-92.
  17. King, J. & Turnlund, J. (1989). Human Zinc Requirements. In: MILLS, C. (ed.) Zinc in Human Biology. 1th edition. Springer London.
  18. Kuvibidila, S., Dardenne, M., Savino, W. & Lepault, F. (1990). Influence of iron-deficiency anemia on selected thymus functions in mice: thymulin biological activity, T-cell subsets, and thymocyte proliferation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 228-232.
  19. Kuvibidila, S. R. & Warrier, R. P. (2004). Differential effects of iron deficiency and underfeeding on serum levels of interleukin-10, interleukin-12p40, and interferon-gamma in mice. Cytokine, 26, 73-81.
  20. Kwiecien, M., Samolinska, W. & Bujanowicz-Haras, B. (2015). Effects of iron-glycine chelate on growth, carcass characteristic, and liver mineral concentrations and haematological and biochemical blood parameters in broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 99, 1184-1196.
  21. Latimer, K. S. & Bienzle, D. (2010). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. In: Weiss, D. & Wardrop, K.J. (Eds.). Determination and Interpretation of the Avian Leukogram. 6th edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Ames, IA., Pp.345-357.
  22. Lieu, P. T., Heiskala, M., Peterson, P. A. & Yang, Y. (2001). The roles of iron in health and disease. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 22, 1-87.
  23. Martinez-Navarrete, N., Camachoa, M. M., Martínez-Lahuerta, J., Martínez-Monzó, J. & Fito, P. (2002). Iron deficiency and iron fortified foods – a review. Food Research International, 35, 225-231.
  24. McNaugton, J. L. & Day, E. J. (1979). Effect of dietary Fe to Cu ratios on hematological and growth responses of broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition, 109, 559-564.
  25. Mitchell, E. B. & Johns. J. (2008). Avian hematology and related disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 11, 501-522.
  26. Mrkaljevic, D. (2014). Iron and Zinc availability to broiler chicken from mineral biofortified wheat. Master Thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology Department of Environmental Sciences, Norway.
  27. Mullick, S., Rusia, U., Sikka, M. & Faridi, M. A. (2006). Impact of iron deficiency anaemia on T lymphocytes and their subsets in children. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 124, 647-654.
  28. Munoz, C., Rios, E., Olivos, J., Brunser, O. & Olivares, M. (2007). Iron, copper and immunocompetence. British Journal of Nutrition, 98, S24-S28.
  29. NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th revised edition. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, USA, Pp, 176.
  30. Oliveira, F., Rocha, S. & Fernandes, R. (2014). Iron metabolism: From health to disease. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 28, 210-218.
  31. Oppenheimer, S. J. (2001). Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease. Journal of Nutrition, 131, 616S-35S.
  32. Pesti, G. M. & Miller, B. R. (1992). Animal Feed Formulation: Economic and Computer Applications. Nostrand Reinhold (Van), New York, NY.
  33. SAS. (2009). SAS Statistics User’s Guide, Statistical Analysis System, 9.2 version. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC.
  34. Schat, K., Kaspers, B. & Kaiser, P. (2014). Avian Immunology. In: Kaiser, P. & Staheli, P. Avian Cytokines and Chemokines. 2th edition. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Pp.189-204.
  35. Shinde, D. L., Ingale, S. L., Kim, J. Y., Pak, S. I. & Chae, B. I. (2011). Efficiency of inorganic and organic iron sources under iron depleted conditions in broilers. British Poultry Science, 52, 578-583.
  36. Smith, K. G. & Hunt, J. L. (2004). On the use of spleen mass as a measure of avian immune system. Oecologia, 138, 28-31.
  37. Spear, A. T. & Sherman, A. R. (1992). Iron deficiency alters DMBA-induced tumor burden and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 122, 46-55.
  38. Suttle, N. F. (2010). Iron. In: Suttle N. F, Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. 4th edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. Pp. 334-354.
  39. Teucher, B., Olivares, M. & Cori, H. (2004). Enhancers of iron absorption: ascorbic acid and other organic acids. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 74, 403-19.
  40. Theil, E. C. (2004). Iron, ferritin, and nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition, 24, 327-343.
  41. Toghyani, M., Tohidi, M., Gheisari, A. B. & Tabeidian, S. A. (2010). Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 6819-6825.
  42. Vahl London, H. A. & Klooster, A. T. V. T. (1987). Dietary iron and broiler performance. British Poultry Science, 28, 567-576.

 

Iranian Journal of animal Science
Volume 50, Issue 1
August 2019
Pages 57-68

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 07 April 2019
  • Revise Date: 17 June 2019
  • Accept Date: 21 June 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics