Effects of crude protein levels in the shortened close-up period on health and milk production of Holstein cows

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, Iran

2 Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, Iran

3 Ph.D. Student of Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of crud protein (CP) level on dry matter intake in prepartum period, productive performance and health of fresh cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were assigned randomly to one of two dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were treatment 1, 13% CP of DM (control), and treatment 2, 16% CP of DM. Diets were similar in lactation net energy and rumen degradable protein and CP levels increased with RUP supplements. All cows had 50 days of far-off, and 10 days of close-up periods. Prepartum dry matter intake in treatment 2 was significantly greater than in control treatment (P>0.05). Milk production, fat corrected milk, and milk fat and lactose yields in treatment 2 were significantly higher than in control treatment (P>0.05). Changes in body condition score (BCS) were not significantly affected by treatments. Although blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher in treatment 2, but β- hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and phosphorus concentrations were significantly decreased in treatment 2 compared to control treatment. The incidence of metabolic disorders, such as hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia were significantly greater in treatment 2 compared to control treatment. Overall, results of this study showed that increasing crude protein through RUP sources in a shortened close-up period increased prepartum DMI, milk production after calving, and reduced incidence of ketosis in Holstein fresh cows.

Keywords


  1. Adachi, N., Kusuhara, T., Nonaka, I. & Terada, I.F. (2006). Effect of close-up dry period protein level on preparturiental nitrogen balance and lactating performance of primigravid and multiparous Holstein cows. National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 305-0901.
  2. Auza, N.J., Olson, W.G., Murphy, M.J. & Linn, J.G. (1999). Diagnosis and treatment of copper toxicosis in ruminants. Journal of Animal Veterinary and Medical Science, 214, 1624-1628.
  3. Bell, A.W. (1995). Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Journal of animal Science, 73, 2804-2819.
  4. Bertics, S.J., Grummer, R.R., Cadorniga-Valino, C. & Stoddard, E.E. (1992). Effect of prepartum dry matter intake on liver triglyceride concentration in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 75, 1914-192.
  5. Bertoni, G. & Trevisi, E. (2013). Use of the liver activity index and other metabolic variables in the assessment of metabolic health in dairy herds In: Metabolic Diseases of Dairy Cattle, T. H. Herdet (ed.), www.vetfood.theclinics.com. Pp, 413- 433.
  6. Clark, J.H. & Davis, C.L. (1980). Some aspects of feeding high producing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 63, 873-885.
  7. Contreras, L.L., Ryan, C.M. & Overton, T.R. (2010). Effects of dry cow grouping strategy and prepartum body condition score on performance and health of transition dairy cows. Journal of dairy Science, 87, 517-23.
  8. Curtis, C. R., Erb, H. N., Sniffen, C. J., Smith, R. D. & Kronfeld, D. S. (1985). Path analysis of dry period nutrition, postpartum metabolic and reproductive disorders, and mastitis in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 2347-2360.
  9. French, P. (2012). How to meet the MP and AA needs of “most” cows. Post-conference-seminar-by feed components.
  10. Grant, RJ. & Albright, JL. (1996). Feeding behavior and management factors during the transition period in dairy cattle. Journal of animal Science, 73, 2791-803.
  11. Grummer, R. R., Hoffman, P. C., Luck, M. L. & Bertics, S. J. (1995). Effect of prepartum and postpartum dietary energy on growth and lactation of primiparous cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 78, 172-180.
  12. Hayirli, A., Grummer, RR. & Nordheim, EV. (2002). Animal and dietary factors affecting feed intake during the prefresh transition period in Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 3430-43.
  13. Houdijk, J. G. M., Jessop, N. S. & Kyriazakis, I. (2001). Nutrient partitioning between reproductive and immune functions in animals. Proceeding nutrient society, 60, 515-525.
  14. Ji, P. & Dann, H. M. (2013). Negative protein balance: Implications for transition cows. Proceedings of the cornell nutrition conference, Pp, 101-112
  15. Le Blanc, S. J., Leslie, K. E. & Duffield, T. F. (2005). Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 159-170.
  16. Mahdipour, M. (2013). Effect of Shortening of the close-up period on performance and blood metabolites in Holstein cows. MSc. Thesis. University of Zanjan, Iran.
  17. Mann, S., Leal Yepes, F. A., Overton, T.R., Wakshlag, J.J., Lock, A.L., Ryan, C.M. & Nydam D.V. (2015). Dry period plane of energy: Effects on feed intake, energy balance, milk production, and composition in transition dairy cows. Journal of animal Science, 98, 3366-3382.
  18. Moorby, J. M., Dewhurst, R.J. & Marsden, S. (1996). Effect of increasing digestible undegraded protein supply to dairy cows in late gestation on the yield and composition of milk during the subsequent lactation. Journal of animal Science, 3, 203-213.
  19. Nathalie, L.F., Delphine, M. & Christiane, O. (2004). Modifications of protein and amino acid metabolism during inflammation and immune system activation. Livestock Production Science, 87, 37-45.
  20. National Research Council. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 6th rev. ed. National Academic. Science., Washington, DC.
  21. National Research Council. (1989). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th rev. ed. National Academic. Science., Washington, DC.
  22. National Research Council. (1985). Ruminant Nitrogen Usage, National Academic. Science., Washington, DC.
  23. Osorio, J.S., Ji, P., Drackley, J. K., Luchini, D. & Loor, J. J. (2013). Supplemental Smartamine M or MetaSmart during the transition period benefit postpartal cow performance and blood neutrophil function. Journal of Dairy Science, 96, 1-16.
  24. Ospina, P.A., Nydam, D.V. & Stokol, T. (2010) Association between the proportion of sampled transition cows with increased nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate and disease incidence, pregnancy rate, and milk production at the herd level. Journal of dairy Science, 93, 3595-601.
  25. Overton, T.R. & Burhans, W.S. (2013). Protein metabolism of the transition cow. In: Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference, Syracuse, NY. Pp, 91-100.
  26. Owens, F. N., Qi, S. & Sapienza, D. A. (2014) Applied protein nutrition of ruminants – current status and future directions. Professional Animal Scientist.
  27. Park, A. F., Shirley, J. F., Tigemeryer, E. C., Meyer, M. J., VanBaale, M. J. & VandeHaar, M. J. (2002). Effect of protein level in prepartum diets on metabolism and performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 1815-1828.
  28. Peeler, H. T. (1985). Biological availability of nutrients in feeds: Availability of major mineral ions. Journal of Animal Science, 35, 695-712.
  29. Philips, G. J., Citron, T. L., Sage, J. S., Cummins, K. A., Cecava, M. J. & McNamara, J. P. (2003).Adaptations in body muscle and fat in transition dairy cattle fed differing amounts of protein and methionine hydroxyl analog. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 3634-47.
  30. Prior, R. L. & Laster, D. B. (1979). Development of the bovine fetus. Journal of Animal Science, 48, 1546-53.
  31. Rajala-Schultz, P. J. & Saville, W. J. A. (2003). Sources of variationin milk urea nitrogenin Ohio dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 1653-1661.
  32. Richards, B. F. (2011). Strategies to decrease incidence of fatty liver in dairy cows. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  33. Van Saun R. J. (1993). Effects of undegradable protein fed prepartum on subsequent lactation, reproduction, and health in Holstein dairy cattle. Ph.D. dissertation. Cornell University.
  34. Van Saun, R. J. (2004). Metabolic profiling and health risk in transition cows. In: Proceeding of American associated Bovin Pract, 37, 212-213.
  35. Van Saun, R. J., Idleman, S. C. & Sniffen, C. J. (1993). Effect of undegradable protein amount fed prepartum on postpartum production in first lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 76, 236-244.
  36. Van Saun, R. J. & Sniffen, C. J. (2014). Transition cow nutrition and feeding management for disease prevention. Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 30(3), 689-719.
  37. Van Saun, R. J. (1991). Dry cow nutrition: the key to improved fresh cow performance. Veterinary Clinics North America Food Animal Practice, 7, 599-620
  38. Vandehaar, M. J., Yousif, G., Sharma, B. K., Herdt, T. H., Emery, R. S., Allen, M. S. & Liesman, J. S. (1999). Effect of energy and protein density of prepartum diets on fat and protein metabolism of dairy cattle in the periparturient period. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 1282-1295.
  39. Xu, S., Harrison, J. H. & Chalupa. W. H. (1998). The effect of ruminal bypass lysine and methionine on milk yield and composition of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81, 1062-77.