The influence of Ziziphus zizyphus fruit on in vitro fermentation parameters, protozoa pupolation and methane gas production

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

Abstract

In this expriment, the effect of different levels of Ziziphus zizyphus(ZZ) (0, 30 or 60 mg) on fermentation parameters, total protozoa population  and three sub family of protozoa  Entodiniinae, Ophryscolecinae, Diplodiniinae and family of Isotrichdaeandmethane gas production was assessed using in vitro method and a completely randomized design. The rate of gas production for the insoluble fraction (c) (P˂0.01) was decreased but (P˂0.01) fermentation potential (a+b) at 30 and 60 mg ZZ by was improved 3 and 6 percent respectively. Cumulative gas production at 24h was not significantly different among treatments; however methane production was decreased (P˂0.05). Ammonia nitrogen also was linearly decreased (P˂0.01) by 20.85 and 43.85 percent, respectively. Incorporation of 60 mg ZZ to the basal diet decreased acetate (P˂0.05) and increased propionate (P˂0.05) and ratio of acetate to propionate was decreased (P˂0.01) from 2.6 to 2.2. Total protozoa population (P˂0.01) and Entodinium count was decreased (P˂0.05). However Ophryscolexs numberincreased (P˂0.05). Based on this study, it is suggested that  supplementation of  ZZ  could  improve in vitro ruminal fluid fermentation in terms of potential extent of gas production (6%), reduction of methane losses (17.4%), NH3-N concentration (43.8%), acetate to propionate ratio (0.2 ratio)  and protozoal population.

Keywords

References

  1. Abarghuei, M.J. & Rouzbehan, Y. (2013). Influence of grape pomace extract on in vitro gas production kinetics and on ruminal unicellular population of inoculum in sheep. Iranian Journal of Animal Science (Tehran, Islamic Repub. Iran), 44(4), 375-384.
  2. Alemua, A.W., Dijkstra, J., Bannink, A., Franced, A. & Kebreab, E. (2011). Rumen stoichiometric models and their contribution and challenges in predicting enteric methane production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 761-778.
  3. Alexander, G., Singh, B., Sahoo, A. & Bhat, T. (2008). In vitro screening of plant extracts to enhance the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen in ruminant diets.Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 229-244.
  4. Allison, M.J. (1978). Production of branched-chain volatile fatty acids by certain anaerobic bacteria. Applied Environment Microbiology, 35, 872-877.
  5. Bach, A., Calsamiglia, S. & Stern, M. D. (2005). Nitrogen Metabolism in the Rumen. Journal Dairy Science. 88,(E. Suppl.): E9-E21.
  6. Blümmel, M., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (1997). In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal Animal Physiology Nutrition, 77, 24–34.
  7. Blümmel, M., Givens, D.I. & Moss, A.R. (2005). Comparison of methane produced by straw fed sheep in open-circuit respiration with methane predicted by fermentation characteristics measured by an in vitro gas procedure. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123-124, 379-390.
  8. Bodasa, R., Prietoa, N., García-González, R., Andrésa, S., Giráldeza, F.J. & Lópeza, S. (2012). Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane production with plant secondary metabolites. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 176, 78-93.
  9. Broderick, G.A. & Kang, J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determinations of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal Dairy Science, 63, 64-75.
  10. Broudiscou, L.P., Papon, Y. & Broudiscou, A.F. (2000). Effects of dry plant extracts on fermentation and methanogenesis in continuous culture of rumen microbes. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 87, 263-277.
  11. Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Cardozo, P.W. & Kamel, C. (2005). Effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture. Journal Dairy Science, 88, 2508-2516.
  12. Cottyn, B.G. & Boucque, C.V. (1968). Rapid method for the gas-chromatographic determination of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry, 16, 105-107.
  13. Farsi, M., Marjani, A. & Bakhtiyari, S. (2002). Experimantal designs in agricultural sciences. Beh Nashr prss.414p.(in Farsi)
  14. Fievez, V., Babaymo, O.J. & Demeyer, D. (2005). Estimation of direct and indirect gas production in syringes: A tool to estimate short chain fatty acid production that requires minimal laboratory facilities. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123, 197-210.
  15. Goel, G., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2008). Effects of Sesbania sesban and Carduus pycnocephalus leaves and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and their extracts on partitioning of nutrients from roughage- and concentrate-based feeds to methane. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147, 72-89.
  16. Guo, Y.Q., Liu, J.X., Lu, Y., Zhu, W.Y., Denman, S.E. & McSweeney, C.S. (2008). Effect of tea saponin on methanogenesis, microbial community structure and expression of mcrA gene, in cultures of rumen micro-organisms. Letter AppliedMicrobiology, 47, 421-426.
  17. Hess, H.D., Kreuzer, M., Diaz, T.E., Lascano, C.E., Carulla, J.E., Soliva, C.R. & Machmuller, A. (2003). Saponin rich tropical fruits affect fermentation and methanogenesis in faunted and defaunated rumen fluid. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 109, 79-94.
  18. Hossaini, Y. (2003).Nonparametric Statistic. Allame Tabataba-ee University prss.271p. (in Farsi).
  19. Hu, W.L., Liu, J.X., Yr, J.A., Wu, Y.M. & Guo, Y.Q. (2005). Effect of tea saponin on rumen fermentation in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 120, 333-339.
  20. Hussain, I. & Cheeke, P.R. (1995). Effect of Yucca Scidigera extract on rumen and blood profiles of steers fed concentrate- or roughage-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 51, 231-242.
  21. Johnson, K.A. & Johnson, D.E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. JournalAnimal Science, 73, 2483-2492.
  22. Kamra, D.N., Sawal, R.K., Pathak, N.N., Kewalramani, N. & Agarwal, N. (1991). Diurnal variation in ciliate protozoa in the rumen of blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Letter of Appled Microbiol, 13, 165-167.
  23. Makkar, H.P.S. (2010). In Vitro Screening of Feed Resourcesfor Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis (pp. 106-144). In: In Vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-Nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies (Ed.), New York: Springer.
  24. Maldar, S.M., Rouzbehan, Y. & Alipour, D. (2010). The effect of adaptation to oak leaves on digestibility (in vitro) and ruminal parameters in Alamout goat. Iranian Journal of Animal Science (Tehran, Islamic Repub. Iran), 41(3), 243-252. (in Farsi)
  25. Mao, H.L., Wang, J.K., Zhou, Y.Y. & Liu, J.X. (2010). Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs. Livestock Science, 129, 56-62.
  26. Menke, K.H. & Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and invitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development, 28, 7-55.
  27. Morgavi, D.P., Forano, E., Martin, C. & Newbold, C.J. (2010). Microbial ecosystem and methanogenesis in ruminants. Animal, 4, 1024-1036.
  28. National Research Council. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. National academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
  29. Nemati, F., Rouzbehan, Y., Karimi tarshizi, M.A. &   Rezaei, J. (2012). An Investigation of the effect of some medicinal plants on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters. Iranian Journal Animal Science, (Tehran, Islamic Repub. Iran). 43, 193-206. (in Farsi)
  30. Nooriyan Soroor, M.E. & Rouzbehan, Y. (2012). The influence of Echium amoneum extract on in vitro ruminal fermentation, protozoa population and reduction of methane production. Iranian Journal Animal Science, (Tehran, Islamic Repub. Iran). 43,287-296. (in Farsi)
  31. Nooriyan Soroor, E., Rouzbehan, Y. & Alipour, D. (2013). Effect of Echium amoenum extract on the growth rate and fermentation parameters of mehraban lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 184, 49-57.
  32. Ørskov, E.R. & McDonal, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal Agriculture Science, 92, 499-503.
  33. Patra, A.K., Kamra, D.N. & Agarwal, N. (2006). Effect of plant extracts on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 128, 276-291.
  34. Pen, B., Sar, C., Mwenya, B., Kuwaki, K., Morikawa, R. & Takahashi, J. (2006). Effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria extracts on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane emission. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 129, 175-186.
  35. Pen, B. (2007). Studies on manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis by natural products. Ph.D. dissertation, Major Chair of Animal Production the United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University.
  36. Pilajun, R. & Wanapat, M. (2011). Effect of coconut oil and mangosteen peel supplementation on ruminal fermentation, microbial population, and microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffaloes. Livestock Science, 141, 148-154.
  37. Said, A., Huefner, A., Abu Tabl, El-S.A. & Fawzy, G. (2011). Phenolic compounds from seeds of Zizyphus spina-christi. IUFS Journal Biology, 70(1), 39-43.
  38. Silva, M.D., Mota, F.B.C., Rodrigues, M.D., Alves, O.D. & Maia, V.H. (2013). Crude extracts and semi-fractions from Myracrodruon urundeuva with antibacterial activity against American type culture collection (ATCC) strains of clinical relevance Carvalho. Journal Medicine Plants Research, 7(32), 2407-2413.
  39. SPSS. (2009). SPSS Version 18.0 for Windows. SPSS Inc., USA.
  40. Sun, Y.-F., Liang, Z.-S., Shan, C.-J., Viernstein, H. & Unger, F. (2011). Comprehensive evaluation of natural antioxidants and antioxidant potentials in Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou fruits based on geographical origin by TOPSIS method. Food Chemistry, 124, 1612-1619.
  41. Tanko, Y., Mohammed, A., Okasha, M. A., Umar, A. H.  & Magaji, R. A. (2008). Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud in wistar rats and mice. African Journal Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 5(9), 209-212.
  42. Vercoe, E.P., Makkar, H.P.S. & Schlink, A.C. (2010). In Vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-Nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies (Ed.), In Vitro Screening of Feed Resources for Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis, (pp. 106-144). New York: Springer.
  43. Wanapat, M., Mapato, C., Pilajun, R. & Toburan, W. (2011). Effects of vegetable oil supplementation on feed intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristic of growing swamp buffaloes. Livestock Science, 135, 32-37.
  44. Wang, Y., McAllister, T.A., Yanke, L.J. & Cheeke, P.R. (2000). Effect of steroidal saponins from Yucca schidigera extract on ruminal microbes. Journal Applied Microbiology, 88,887-896.
  45. Wu, Y.,  Chen, M.,  Du , M. -B., Yue , C. -H., Li, Y. -Y., Zhu, M., Liu, C., Wang, D.-Y., Liu, J.-G. & Hu, Y.-L. (2014). Chemical constituents from the fruit of Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 57, 6-10.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 September 2014
  • Revise Date: 04 January 2016
  • Accept Date: 14 January 2016

Share

How to cite

Statistics