Iranian Journal of animal Science

Iranian Journal of animal Science

The effect of physical and chemical treatments on crude protein fractions of canola and safflower seeds using CNCPS and SDS-PAGE

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Maryam Sahebi Ala 1
Farokh Kafilzadeh 2
Masoumeh Heydari 1
1 Former M. Sc. Student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University of Kermanshah, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University of Kermanshah, Iran
10.22059/ijas.2016.61660
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of physical and chemical processing on crude protein fractions of two varieties of canola (Okapi and Modena) and safflower (62 and Zarfan) seed using cornel net carbohydrate and protein system and on protein subunits using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Formaldehyde was used as chemical treatment, while toasting and autoclaving were used as physical treatments. In vitro protein fractionations were determined to find out the contribution of different protein fractions (A, B1, B2, B3, C and NDIP). Results showed that there was significant difference in OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF in canola and safflower seeds (p<0.001). The proportion of soluble crude protein fraction (SCP) decreased while B2and B3 fractions increased as the result of processing. Formaldehyde had a more significant impact than the other two treatments. The SDS-PAGE pattern of varieties showed that treatment with toasting had no effect on protein bands in canola and safflower varieties while autoclaving resulted in the disappearance of some bands and formaldehyde resulted in the disappearance of all bands with molecular weights higher than 14.4 KD in canola but not in safflower varieties.
Keywords
Canola seed
comell net carbohydrate and protein system
safflower seed
sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  1. Aminipur, H., S. Dust nobar, R., Maheri sis, N., Najafyar, S. & Salamat azar, M. (2010). Determine degredation of safflower varieties of whole grain 111-IL with nylon bags. Journal of Animal Science, 3(3), 43-50. )in Farsi)
  2. AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis, 16th ed. Association of official analytical chemists, arlington, VA, USA.
  3. Appelquist, L. A. (1972). Chemical constituents of rapeseed. Pages 123-127 in Rapeseed, cultivation, composition, processing and utilization. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Pp. 123-127.
  4. Bozan, B. & Temelli, F. (2008). Chemical composition and oxidative stability of flax, safflower and poppy seed and seed oils. Bioresource Technology, 6354-6359.
  5. Davies, K. J. A. & Delsignore, M. E. (1987). Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. III. Modification of secondary structure and tertiary structure. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 9908-9913.
  6. Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F-tests. Biometrics, 11, 1-42.
  7. Ebrahimi, S. R., Nikkah, A., Sadeghi, A. A. & Raisali, G. (2009). Chemical composition, secondary compounds, ruminal degradation and in vitro crude protein digestibility of gamma irradiated canola seed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 151, 184-193.
  8. Faichney, G. J. & Davies, H. L. (1973). The performance of calves given concentrate diets treated with formaldehyde. Australian Journal of. Agricultural Research, 24, 613-621.
  9. Faldet, M. A. & Satter, L. D. (1991). Feeding heat treated full-fat soybeans to cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3047-3054.
  10. Fathi Nasri, M.H., France, J., Danesh Mesgaran, M. & Kebreab, E. (2008). Effect of heat processing on ruminal degradability and intestinal disappearance of nitrogen and amino acids in Iranian whole soybean. Livestock Science, 113, 43-51.
  11. Gaber, M. H. (2005). Effect of irradiation on molecular properties of bovine serum albumin. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 100, 203-206.
  12. Gonthier, C., Mustafa, A. F., Berthiaume, R. & Petit, H. V. (2004). Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 1854-1863.
  13. Greg, L. (2008). Biodiesel benefits for cattle producers: Feeding byproducts of biodiesel production. Ph. D. dissertation, North Dakota State University.
  14. Hames, E. D. & Rickwood, D. (1990). Gel Electrophoresis of proteins. 2nd Ed. IRL Press. Oxford. UK.
  15. Kakaei, M. & Kahrizi, D. (2010). Study of seed proteins pattern of brassica napus varieties via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. International Research Journal of Biotechnology (ISSN: 2141-5153) Vol. 2(1) pp.026-028, February, 2011.
  16. Khorasani, G. R., De Boer, G., Robinson, P. H. & Kennelly, J. J. (1992). Effect of canola fat on ruminal and total tract digestion, plasma hormones, and metabolites in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 75, 492-501.
  17. Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227, 680.
  18. Latha, T. S. & Prakash, V. (1984). Studies on the proteins from safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L). Journal of Agriculture. Food Chemistry, 32, 1412-1416.
  19. Laws, B., Stedman, J. A. & Hill, R. (1982). Rapeseed meal in animal feed. Agritrade, (Feb.), 27-33.
  20. Licitra, G., Hernandez, T. M. & Van Soest, P. J. (1996). Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 57, 347-358.
  21. Lin, C. & Kung, L. (1999). Heat treated soybeans and soybean meal in ruminant nutrition. Technical Bull. American soybean associaton. & united soybean board. pp. 1-18.
  22. Madsen, J. & Hvesplund, P. G. (1985). Protein degradation in the rumen. Acta Agriculturae Scand, 25(Suppl.1), 103-124.
  23. McAllister, T. A., Cheng, K. J., Beauchemin, K. A., Bailey, D. R. C., Pickard, M. D. & Gilbert, R. P. (1993). Use of lignosulfonate to decrease the rumen degradability of canola meal protein. Canadian. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 211-215.
  24. Moshtaghi Nia, S. A. & Ingalls, J. R. (1992). Effect of heating on canola meal protein degradation in the rumen and digestion in the lower gastroitestinal tract of steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 72, 83-88.
  25. Mustafa, A. F., Chouinard, Y. P., Ouellet, D. R. & Soita, H. (2003). Effects of moist heat treatment on ruminal nutrient degradability of sunflower seed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83, 1059-1064.
  26. Mustafa, A.F., McKinnon, J.J. & Christensen, D. (2000). Protection of canola (low glucosinolate rapeseed) meal and seed protein from ruminal degradation. Asian-Aus. Journal of Animal Science, 13(4), 535-542.
  27. Nitschmann, yon Hs., Hadorn, H. & Lauener, H. (1943). Quantitative determination of formaldehyde in casein hardened with formaldehyde. Heir Claim Acta, 26, 1069.
  28. NRC. (2001). Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle. 7th ed. National Research Council, National Academy of Science, Washington, DC.
  29. Razligi, S. N., Salamat, D.N.R., Maheri Sis, N., Fartash, A., Salamatazar, M. & Aminipour, H. (2011). stimation of net energy and degradability kinetics of treated whole safflower seed by in vitro gas production and nylon bag methods. Annals of Biological Research, 2(4), 295-300.
  30. Ressouany, M., Vachon, C. & Lacroix, M. (1998). Irradiation dose and calcium effect of the mechanical properties of cross-linked caseinate films. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 46, 1618-1623.
  31. SAS. (2003). SAS 9.1 for Windows. SAS Institute. Cary, NC
  32. Shahidi, F. (1990). Canola and rapeseed production, chemistry, nutrition and processing technology. In: global production and distribution chapter 1, Fereidoon, S. (Ed.). Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, ISBN: 0.442.00295-5, pp: 3-14.
  33. Sulieman, M. A., Hassan, A. B., Osman, G. A., El Tyeb, M. M., El Khalil, E. A. I., El Tinay A. H. & Babiker, E. E. (2008). Changes in total protein digestibility, fractions content and structure during cooking of lentil cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 7(6), 801-805.
  34. Van Soest, P. J. & Mason, V. C. (1991). The influence of the Maillard reaction upon the nutritive value of fibrous feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 32, 45-53.
  35. Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
  36. Van soest, P. J., Sniffen, C. J., Oconnor, J. D., Fox, D. G. & Russel, J. B. (1992). Anet carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: 2. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal. Science, 70, 3562-3577.
  37. Xi, J., Wang, X., Li, S., Zhou, X., Yue, L., Fan, J. & Hao, D. (2006). Polyethylene glycol fractionation improved detection of lowabundant proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis of plant proteome. Phytochemistry, 67, 2341-2348.
  38. Yu, P., Goelema, J. O., Leury, B. J., Tamminga, S. & Egan, A. R. (2002). An analysis of the nutritive value of heat processed legume seeds for animal production using the DVE/OEB model: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 99, 141-176.

  • Receive Date 27 August 2013
  • Revise Date 24 December 2014
  • Accept Date 29 January 2016