Evaluation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Capparis Spinosa L. fruit on growth performance, blood biochemical indices and immune system of broiler chickens

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Animal Science Department, Agricultural faculty, University of Birjand, I.R. Iran

Abstract

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Capparis Spinosa fruit on growth performance, blood biochemical and immune system indices in broiler chickens. For this purpose, 450 one-day-old broiler chickens of Ross 308 were allotted in a completely randomized design with 9 treatments, 5 replicates and 10 birds in each replication. Dietary treatments were involved control and four levels 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg/kg of aqueous extracts and four levels of 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg/kg alcoholic extracts of Capparis Spinosa fruit in diet. The chicks were fed with three dietary phase including starter (1 to 10 days), grower (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25 to 42 days). At 42 days, two chicks were selected from each replicate and sacrificed, and blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of total protein, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL. The results showed that the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio did not affect by the supplementation of extract to the diet, however both of them in the whole experimental period (1 to 42 days) were respectively increased and decreased by the levels of Capparis Spinosa fruit extracts higher than 300 mg/kg as compare to control diet. Although there was no difference in the starter and grower periods, but in the finisher period, Capparis Spinosa fruit extracts reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to the control (P <0.05). Supplementation of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Capparis Spinosa fruit extract reduced the blood concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride of broilers compared to the control. Addition of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Capparis Spinosa fruit reduced the activity of ALT and AST enzymes in broiler, which indicates improved the heart and liver function. The findings of the present study showed that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Capparis Spinosa may improve growth performance, and have a positive effect on blood lipids reduction, improving immune response, and reduction of abdominal fat. Therefore, a level of 300 mg/kg of aqueous or alcoholic extract of Capparis Spinosa in diet is recommended in the diet of broiler chickens.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

Global poultry meat production is projected to exceed 102 million tons by 2024 and is expected to continue raising with population growth. Feed represents a significant cost in the poultry sector, accounting for 60-70% of broiler farming expenses. In recent years, plant-derived compounds (including plant extracts, spices, and essential oils) have gained recognition as alternatives to synthetic growth promoters and antibiotics. Potential antibiotic replacements include organic acids, prebiotics, probiotics, and increasingly, essential oils. Essential oils, while not providing nutrients, minerals, or vitamins, positively impact animal performance and health due to their bioactive compounds. Capparis spinosa L. a drought-resistant plant in the Capparidaceae family, has been studied. Research indicates no adverse effects on laying hens, with positive correlations reported between feed intake, feed efficiency, and blind area usage. Due to limited research on the effects of Capparis spinosa on broiler chickens, this study investigated the effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts on growth performance, blood biochemistry, and the immune system in broiler chickens.

 

Materials and Methods

This study utilized 360 male Ross-308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design, divided into 9 experimental groups, with 4 replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a control group and four levels (150, 300, 450, and 600 mg/kg) each of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Capparis spinosa fruit. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), expressed as grams of feed consumed per gram of weight gain was calculated to assess performance. After the study, two birds per replicate, with body weights closely matching the average flock weight, were selected for carcass analysis. Organ weights were recorded post-slaughter. Blood biochemical indices were determined using a spectrophotometric autoanalyzer (Biosystem 15A, Biosystem Company) with biochemical kits from Zistchemi Company. To evaluate immune system response, birds were tested against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Twenty milliliters of blood were collected from two Baluchi sheep. Total antibody titers, immunoglobulin G (IgG, resistant to mercaptoethanol), and immunoglobulin M (IgM, sensitive to mercaptoethanol) were determined.

 

Results

The results show that different levels of Capparis Spinosa fruit extract affected the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of the whole experimental period (1 to 42 days). Although there was no difference in the initial periods and growth of experimental treatments on days 1 to 10 days, in the final period, Capparis Spinosa fruit extracts reduced feed conversion ratio and increased body weight gain compared to the control (P <0.05). The addition of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Capparis Spinosa fruit extract reduced the blood concentration of cholesterol, and triglyceride of broiler chickens compared to the control. The addition of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Capparis Spinosa fruit reduced the activity of AST and ALT enzyme activities in broiler chickens, which indicates improved heart and liver function. Capparis Spinosa fruit extract had no effect on the relative weight of carcass components including the relative weight of breast, thigh, heart, liver, spleen, and bursa, however reduced the relative weight of abdominal fat compared to control. It is concluded, that the results showed that the use of Capparis Spinosa fruit extract improved performance, and reduced abdominal fat, and blood lipids at the level of 300 mg/kg.

 

Conclusion

The findings of the present study showed that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the kore plant have a positive effect on FCR and body weight gain, and it had a positive effect on reducing blood lipids, improving immune response, and reducing abdominal fat. Therefore, a level of 300 mg of aqueous or alcoholic extract of Capparis Spinosa fruit is recommended in the diet of broiler chickens, considering the effects on growth performance and immune response.

 

Data Availability Statement

This article contains all the data that were created or evaluated during the research.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to sincerely thank the members of the Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Birjand Research Council for the approval and support of this research.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

 

References

 منابع

آهنی معظمه؛  حسینی واشان سیدجواد؛ افضلی  نظر. (1404). ارزیابی عملکرد رشد، شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی خون و ریخت شناسی ژژنوم جوجه گوشتی تغذیه شده با عصاره‌ هیدروالکلی ترخون و ویتامین E. تحقیقات تولیدات دامی. . doi: 10.22124/ar.2025.31251.1910
ابراهیمی حسن؛ رحیمی شعبان؛ خاکی پژواک. (1394). تأثیر اسید آلی، پروبیوتیک و عصاره الکلی سرخارگل بر میکروفلور روده و سیستم ایمنی جوجه های گوشتی. مجله تحقیقات دامپزشکی 70(3): 293-299.
اسلامی معصومه & فرخی فرح. (1393). بررسی اثر عصاره آبی میوه کبر (Capparis spinosa) روی سمیت القا شده با استامینوفن در موش صحرایی. مجله فیزیولوژی و تکوین جانوری، 8(1): 55-62.
شیرزادی حسن؛ شریعتمداری فرید؛ کریمی ترشیزی محمد امیر؛ رحیمی شعبان؛ مسعودی علی اکبر. 1395.  بررسی تأثیر عصاره گیاهان سماق و جغجغه در مقایسه با اُکسی‌تتراسایکلین بر عملکرد رشد، فراسنجه‌های بیوشیمی خون و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه‌‌های گوشتی. تولیدات دامی، 17(1): 151-160.
منافی، میلاد؛ یزدانپور مریم؛ هدایتی مهدی. (1395).  بررسی مقایسه‌ایی سطوح مختلف عصاره آبی ‌الکلی برگ گیاه آرتمیزیا با آنتی بیوتیک محرک رشد بر فراسنجه های عملکردی، بیوشیمیایی، ایمنی و جمعیت باکتریایی روده کور در جوجه های گوشتی سویه تجاری راس 308. فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی در علوم دامی. 5(21): 3-16.
نوروزی مژگان ؛ نظری محمود؛ چهاردولی مهدی؛ حاجی‌زاده محمدرضا؛ میرزایی محمدرضا؛ اسداللهی زهرا؛ محمودی مهدی. (1402). تأثیر عصاره هیدروالکلی میوه گیاه کور بر آنزیمهای کلیدی مسیرهای متابولیسم گلوکز در سلولهای کبدی موشهای صحرایی دیابتی: یک مطالعه تجربی. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان. 22: 161-174.
REFERENCES
Abd El-Hack, M. E., Kamal, M., Alqhtani, A. H., Alreemi, R. M., Alazragi, R. S., Khojah, H., & Świątkiewicz, S. (2023a). Detoxification impacts of dietary probiotic and prebiotic supplements against aflatoxins: an updated knowledge–a review. Annals of Animal Science, 23(4), 1049-1060.‏
Abd El-Hack, M. E., Abdelnour, S. A., Kamal, M., Khafaga, A. F., Shakoori, A. M., Bagadood, R. M., & Świątkiewicz, S. (2023b). Lactoferrin: Antimicrobial impacts, genomic guardian, therapeutic uses and clinical significance for humans and animals. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 164, 114967.‏
Abreu, R., Semedo-Lemsaddek, T., Cunha, E., Tavares, L., & Oliveira, M. (2023). Antimicrobial drug resistance in poultry production: Current status and innovative strategies for bacterial control. Microorganisms, 11(4), 953.‏
Adeyemi, O. A., Fasina, O. E., & Balogun, M. O. (2000). Utilization of full–fat Jatropha seed in broiler diet: effect on haematological parameters and blood chemistry. In Proc. 25th Annual Conference Nigerian  Society  Animal. Production (NSAP) pp. 108-109.‏
Agubosi, O. C. P., Oluwafemi, R. A., Alagbe, J. O. (2021). Preliminary study on GC-MS analysis of Prosopis africana seed (African mesquite) oil. Journal of Ethics and Diversity in International Communication, 1(4): 18-20.
Ahmed, A. E., Smithard, R., & Ellis, M. (1991). Activities of enzymes of the pancreas, and the lumen and mucosa of the small intestine in growing broiler cockerels fed on tannin-containing diets. British Journal of Nutrition, 65(2), 189-197.‏
Alagbe, J. O. (2022). Prosopis africana (African mesquite) oil as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives on broiler chickens’ diets: haematology and serum biochemical indices. Central Asian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 19-29.‏
Alagbe, J. O., Adejumo, D. O., Ademola, S. G., Abiola, A. O., Samson, B. O., & Ushie, F. T. (2021). Productive performance, caeca microbial population and immune-modulatory activity of broiler chicks fed different levels Sida acuta leaf extract in replacement of antibiotics. Bioinformatics and Proteomics Open Access Journal, 5(1), 000143.‏
Alagbe, J. O., Agubosi, O. C. P., Oluwafemi, R. A., Akande, T. O., Adegbite, A. E., & Emiola, I. A. (2023). Haemato-biochemical indices and intestinal microbial population of broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with Prosopis africana (African mesquite) essential oil. Brazilian Journal of Science, 2(9), 98-110.‏
AL-Azawi, A. H., Ghaima, K. K., & Salih, H. H. (2018). Phytochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Capparis spinosa L. Cultivated in Iraq. Bioscience Research, 15(3), 2611-2618.‏
Ashok, P. R., & Upadhyaya, K. (2012). Tannins are astringent. Journal of Pharmacognosy and  Phytochemistry. 1(3), 45–50.
Assadi, S., Shafiee, S. M., Erfani, M., & Akmali, M. (2021). Antioxidative and antidiabetic effects of Capparis spinosa fruit extract on high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 138, 111391.‏
Atay, A. (2023). The effect medicinal plants on performance, carcass parameters and meat quality in broiler chickens. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 13(2), 1418-1428.‏
Attia, Y. A., Bovera, F., Abd El‐Hamid, A. E., Tag El‐Din, A. E., Al‐Harthi, M. A., & El‐Shafy, A. S. (2016). Effect of zinc bacitracin and phytase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass and meat traits of broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(3), 485-491.‏
Axel, M. (2018). Potentiated zinc, microflora modulation and broiler meat quality. International Poultry Magazine, 30(7), 11-12.‏
Bouchama, C., Yousfi, L. K., Akhdari, S. E. L., Chadli, N., Samouh, K. F., Raoui, S. M., & Errachidi, F. (2024). Effect of feed supplementation with Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale spices on the zootechnical, biochemical, and microbiological parameters of broiler chickens. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 16(3), 11948-11948.‏
Barros, F., Awika, J. M., & Rooney, L. W. (2012). Interaction of tannins and other sorghum phenolic compounds with starch and effects on in vitro starch digestibility. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 60(46), 11609-11617.‏
Chedraoui, S., Abi-Rizk, A., El-Beyrouthy, M., Chalak, L., Ouaini, N., & Rajjou, L. (2017). Capparis spinosa L. in a systematic review: A xerophilous species of multi values and promising potentialities for agrosystems under the threat of global warming. Frontiers in Plant science, 8, 1845.‏
Cheema, M. A., Qureshi, M. A., & Havenstein, G. B. (2003). A comparison of the immune response of a 2001 commercial broiler with a 1957 random bred broiler strain when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poultry Science, 82: 1519-1529.
Choudhary, R. S., Vaishnav, J. K., & Nehra, R. (2005). Effect of replacing maize by mesquite pods (Prosopis juliflora) on the performance of broilers. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 40(2), 124-127.‏
Christaki, E., Florou-Paneri, P., Giannenas, I., Papazahariadou, M., Botsoglou, N. A., & Spais, A. B. (2004). Effect of a mixture of herbal extracts on broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Animal Research, 53(2), 137-144.‏
Christaki, E., Giannenas, I., Bonos, E., & Florou-Paneri, P. (2020). Innovative uses of aromatic plants as natural supplements in nutrition. In Feed additives (pp. 19-34). Academic Press.‏
De La Rosa, L. A., Moreno-Escamilla, J. O., Rodrigo-García, J., & Alvarez-Parrilla, E. (2019). Phenolic compounds. In Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits and vegetables (pp. 253-271). Woodhead publishing.‏
Draskovic, V., Bosnjak-Neumuller, J., Vasiljevic, M., Petrujkic, B., Aleksic, N., Kukolj, V., & Stanimirovic, Z. (2018). Influence of phytogenic feed additive on Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. Preventive veterinary medicine, 151, 46-51.‏
Dykes, L., & Rooney, L. W. (2007). Phenolic compounds in cereal grains and their health benefits. Cereal foods world, 52(3), 105-111.‏
Eddouks, M., Lemhadri, A., & Michel, J. B. (2004). Caraway and caper: potential anti-hyperglycaemic plants in diabetic rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 94(1), 143-148.‏
El-Latif, S. A. A., El-Yamany, A. T., & Edaly, E. A. (2004). Evaluation of using different levels and sources of medicinal herbs in growing Japanese quail diets.‏ Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feed, 7, 69 -81.
Eslami M, Farrokhi F. 2014. Study of the hepatoprotective effect of capparis spinosa fruit extract against acetaminophen -induced toxicity in rat. The Quarterly Journal of Animal Physiology and development. 8(1): 55-62. (In Persian).
Ghazalah, A. A., & Ibrahim, A. A. (1996). The possibility of using some edible and aromatic oils in the nutrition of Muscovi ducks. Egypt. Poultry Science, 16(11), 305-328.‏
Hamed, A. R., Abdel-Shafeek, K. A., Abdel-Azim, N. S., Ismail, S. I., & Hammouda, F. M. (2007). Chemical investigation of some Capparis species growing in Egypt and their antioxidant activity. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4, 25-28.‏
Hassan, I. I., Askar, A. A., & El-Shourbagy, G. A. (2004). Influence of some medicinal plants on performance; physiological and meat quality traits of broiler chicks.‏
Hosseini-Vashan, S. J., Golian, A., & Yaghobfar, A. (2016). Growth, immune, antioxidant, and bone responses of heat stress-exposed broilers fed diets supplemented with tomato pomace. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60, 1183-1192.‏
Hosseini-Vashan, S.H. & Piray, A.H. (2021).Effect of dietary saffron (Crocus sativus) petal extract on growth performance, blood biochemical indices, antioxidant balance, and immune responses of broiler chickens reared under heat stress conditions. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20 (1), 1338-1347. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1921628.
Houshmand, M., Hojati, F., & Parsaie, S. (2015). Dietary nutrient manipulation to improve the performance and tibia characteristics of broilers fed oak acorn (Quercus brantii Lindl). Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 17, 17-24.‏
Ines, R. (2010). Phytogenics: successful AGP replacement in swine feeds. International Pig Magazine, 28(1), 7-8.‏
Isagaliev, M., Abakumov, E., Turdaliev, A., Obidov, M., Khaydarov, M., Abdukhakimova, K., ... & Musaev, I. (2022). Capparis spinosa L. cenopopulation and biogeochemistry in South Uzbekistan. Plants, 11(13), 1628.‏
‏Jang, I. S., Ko, Y. H., Kang, S. Y., & Lee, C. Y. (2007). Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 134(3-4), 304-315.‏
Jansman, A. J. M. (1993). Tannins in feedstuffs for simple-stomached animals. Nutrition research reviews, 6(1), 209-236.‏
Kalantari, H., Foruozandeh, H., Khodayar, M. J., Siahpoosh, A., Saki, N., & Kheradmand, P. (2018). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Capparis spinosa L. fractions and Quercetin on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced acute liver damage in mice. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 8(1), 120-127.‏
La, T., Collins, A. M., Phillips, N. D., Oksa, A., & Hampson, D. J. (2006). Development of a multiplex‐PCR for rapid detection of the enteric pathogens Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, and Brachyspira pilosicoli in porcine faeces. Letters in applied microbiology, 42(3), 284-288.‏
Leung, A. Y., & Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics.‏
Lius, M. M. (2022). Essential oil and their digestive properties in pigs. International Pig Magazine, 4: 1-2.
Mahmood, S., Khan, M. A., Sarwar, M., & Nisa, M. (2006). Chemical treatments to reduce antinutritional factors in salseed (Shorea robusta) meal: effect on nutrient digestibility in colostomized hens and intact broilers. Poultry Science, 85(12), 2207-2215.‏
Mahmood, S., Khan, M. A., Sarwar, M., & Nisa, M. (2008). Use of chemical treatments to reduce antinutritional effects of tannins in salseed meal: Effect on performance and digestive enzymes of broilers. Livestock Science, 116(1-3), 162-170.‏
Manafi, M., Yazdanpour, M., and Hedayati, M. (2015). Comparision evaluation different dosages of tarragon leaf extract with antibiotic growth promotor on performance biochemistry immunity and secal bacterial load of ross 308 broilers. Applied animal science research journal, 15:7-20 (In Persian).
Manu, D. L. (2019). Support gut health with a unique combination of fatty acid and phytogenics. International Pig Magazine, 4(2), 1-2.‏
Mašek, T., Starčević, K., & Mikulec, Ž. (2014). The influence of the addition of thymol, tannic acid or gallic acid to broiler diet on growth performance, serum malondialdehyde value and cecal fermentation. European Poultry Science/Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 78.‏
Mehri, M., Sabaghi, V., & Bagherzadeh-Kasmani, F. (2015). Mentha piperita (peppermint) in growing Japanese quails’ diet: Serum biochemistry, meat quality, humoral immunity. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 206, 57-66.‏
Mishra, S. N., Tomar, P. C., & Lakra, N. (2007). Medicinal food value of Capparis sp. Indian J. Tradit Know, 6(1), 232-237.‏
Mollica, A., Stefanucci, A., Macedonio, G., Locatelli, M., Luisi, G., Novellino, E., & Zengin, G. (2019). Chemical composition and biological activity of Capparis spinosa L. from Lipari Island. South African Journal of Botany, 120, 135-140.‏
Norouzi, M., Nazari, M., Chahardoli, M., Hajizadeh, M. R., Mirzaei, M. R., Asadollahi, Z., and Mahmoudi, M. (2013). The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit plant Capparis spinosa L. on key enzymes of glucose metabolism pathways in liver cells of diabetic rats: an experimental study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 22(2): 164-171. (In Persian).
Oluwafemi, A. R., Agubosi, O. P., & Alagbe, O. J. (2024a). Prosopis Africana (African Mesquite) oil supplemented feed for broiler chickens: growth performance and nutrient digestibility. American Journal of Applied Medical Science, 1(1), 11-19.‏
Oluwafemi, R. A., Agubosi, O. P., Musah, R., Asiji, S. C., Sunday, M. C., Usmana, P. I., & Onwumelu, I. J. (2024b). Carcass characteristics and blood profile of broiler chickens fed diets containing different inclusion levels of Prosapis africana essential oil. Adan Journal of Agriculture, 5(1).‏
Oluwafemi, R. A., Olawale, I., & Alagbe, J. O. (2020). Recent trends in the utilization of medicinal plants as growth promoters in poultry nutrition-A review. Research in: Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, 4(1), 5-11.‏
Omar, J. A., Hejazi, A., & Badran, R. (2016). Performance of broilers supplemented with natural herb extract. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 6(01), 68.‏
Panico, A. M., Cardile, V., Garufi, F., Puglia, C., Bonina, F., & Ronsisvalle, G. (2005). Protective effect of Capparis spinosa on chondrocytes. Life sciences, 77 (20), 2479-2488.‏
Perna, S., Rafique, A., Rondanelli, M., Allehdan, S., Riso, P., & Marino, M. (2023). Effect of caper fruit (Capparis spinosa L.) consumption on liver enzymes, lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose, and weight loss. A systematic review and a preliminary meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 168, 115638.‏
Pourmahmoud, B., Aghazadeh, A. M., & Sis, N. M. (2013). The effect of thyme extract on growth performance, digestive organ weights and serum lipoproteins of broilers fed wheat-based diets. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 12(3), e53.‏
Rahmani, R., Mahmoodi, M., Karimi, M., Hosseini, F., Heydari, R., Salehi, M., & Yousefi, A. (2013). Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of CapparisSpinosa fruit on blood sugar and lipid profile of diabetic and normal rats. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 15(11), 34-38.‏
Rahnavard, R., & Razavi, N. (2017). A review on the medical effects of Capparis spinosa L. Future Natural Products, 3(1), 44-53.‏
Safarzaei, A., Sarhadi, H., Haddad Khodaparast, M. H., Shahdadi, F., & Dashipour, A. R. (2020). Optimization of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extraction of Phenolic and Antioxidant Compounds From Caper (Capparis Spinosa L.) Roots Assisted by UltrasoundWaves. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 22(4).‏
Schranner, I., Würdinger, M., Klumpp, N., Lösch, U., & Okpanyi, S. N. (1989). Beeinflussung der aviären humoralen Immunreaktionen durch Influex* und Echinacea Angustifolia Extrakt. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, 36(1‐10), 353-364.‏
Sgadari, F., Cerulli, A., Schicchi, R., Badalamenti, N., Bruno, M., & Piacente, S. (2023). Sicilian populations of Capparis spinosa L. and Capparis orientalis Duhamel as source of the bioactive flavonol quercetin. Plants, 12(1), 197.‏
Sharifian, M., Hosseini-Vashan, S. J., Nasri, M. F., & Perai, A. H. (2019). Pomegranate peel extract for broiler chickens under heat stress: Its influence on growth performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites, immunity, jejunal morphology, and meat quality. Livestock Science, 227, 22-28.‏
Shirzadi, H., Shariatmadari, F., Karimi, M. A., Rahimi, S., & Masoudi, A. A. (2015). Effects of R. coriaria L. and P. farcta extracts as compared to oxytetracycline on broiler performance, serum biochemistry, and immune response. Animal Production, 17(1):151-160 (In Persian).
Sterling, K. G., Bell, D. D., Pesti, G. M., & Aggrey, S. E. (2003). Relationships among strain, performance, and environmental temperature in commercial laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12(1), 85-91.‏
Talebi, A., Asri-Rezaei, S., Rozeh-Chai, R., & Sahraei, R. (2005). Comparative studies on haematological values of broiler strains (Ross, Cobb, Arbor-acres and Arian). International journal of Poultry Science, 4(8), 573-579.‏
Tlili, N., Nasri, N., Khaldi, A., Triki, S., & Munne‐Bosch, S. E. R. G. I. (2011). Phenolic compounds, tocopherols, carotenoids and vitamin C of commercial caper. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 35(2), 472-483.‏
Toghyani, M., Toghyani, M., Gheisari, A., Ghalamkari, G., & Mohammadrezaei, M. (2010). Growth performance, serum biochemistry and blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed (Nigella sativa) and peppermint (Mentha piperita). Livestock science, 129(1-3), 173-178.‏
Tothova, C., Nagy, O., & Kovac, G. (2016). Serum proteins and their diagnostic utility in veterinary medicine: a review. Veterinární medicína, 61(9), 475-496.‏
Vakiloddin, S., Fuloria, N., Fuloria, S., Dhanaraj, S. A., Balaji, K., & Karupiah, S. (2015). Evidences of hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruits in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(3), 951-957.‏
Vuolo, M. M., Lima, V. S., & Junior, M. R. M. (2019). Phenolic compounds: Structure, classification, and antioxidant power. In Bioactive compounds (pp. 33-50). Woodhead Publishing.‏
Windisch, W., Schedle, K., Plitzner, C., & Kroismayr, A. (2008). Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of animal science, 86(suppl_14), E140-E148.‏
Yaghobafr, A. Hosseini-Vashan, S.J., Golian, A., Nassiri, M.R. & Raji, R. (2011).Evaluation of turmeric powder in diets based soybean oil on performance, energy and protein efficiency ratio and immune system of broiler chicks. Researches of the first International Conference, Babylon and Razi Universities. Babylon, Iraq.
Yazdi, F. F., Ghalamkari, G., Toghiani, M., Modaresi, M., & Landy, N. (2014). Anise seed (Pimpinella anisum L.) as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters on performance, carcass traits and immune responses in broiler chicks. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 4(6), 447-451.‏
Yildirim, A., Sekeroglu, A., Koc, H., Eleroglu, H., Tahtali, Y., & Isil, M. (2014). The effect of dry caper (Capparis spinosa) fruit on egg production and quality characteristics of laying hens. Pakistan Journal Agriculture Science, 51(1), 217-224.‏
Zeng- ZhaiKai, Z. Z., Zhang Sai, Z. S., Wang HongLiang, W. H., & Piao XiangShu, P. X. (2015). Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review.‏ Journal of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, 6-7.
Zhang, H., & Ma, Z. F. (2018). Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Capparis spinosa as a medicinal plant. Nutrients, 10(2), 116.‏
Zhou, H., Jian, R., Kang, J., Huang, X., Li, Y., Zhuang, C., ... & Wu, X. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effects of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) fruit aqueous extract and the isolation of main phytochemicals. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58(24), 12717-12721.‏
Iranian Journal of animal Science
Volume 56, Issue 4
January 2026
Pages 873-889

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 06 April 2025
  • Revise Date: 11 May 2025
  • Accept Date: 20 May 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics