Investigating the effect of cottonseed bioactive peptides and organic zinc supplementation in the close-up diet on the immune status, blood metabolites and milk production of Holstein fresh cows

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD. Candidate, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan

2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

3 Biosystem Engineering Department , Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

4 talise nemone dairy farm

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of cottonseed bioactive peptides and organic zinc supplementation in the prepartum diet on the immune response and milk production of Holstein fresh cows. A total of one hundred and eighty multiparous Holstein cows were divided into four experimental groups: 1) Basal diet (containing mineral zinc recommended in NRC (2001)) without Pe0Zn0 peptide; 2) Basal diet (containing mineral zinc recommended in NRC (2001)) with 300 g of bioactive peptide Pe1Zn0; 3) Basal diet (containing mineral zinc recommended in NRC (2001)) with 160 mg organic zinc per kg dry matter and without bioactive peptides Pe0Zn1 and 4) Basal diet (containing mineral zinc recommended in NRC (2001)) with 160 mg organic zinc per kg dry matter and 300 g bioactive peptide Pe1Zn1. Samples were collected from cows at various time points before and after calving, with milk production monitored daily from 1 to 21 days post-calving. Data analysis was carried out using SAS (2010) software in a completely randomized design. The results indicated that including peptides in the prepartum diets led to increased serum levels of calcium, albumin, total antioxidant capacity, and creatinine kinase while glucose levels decreased in the prepartum period (P < 0.05).  Similarly, higher organic zinc levels in the prepartum diet resulted in elevated concentrations of calcium, antioxidant capacity, aspartate aminotransferase, and insulin, while glucose and malondialdehyde levels decreased (P < 0.05). The inclusion of peptides in the prepartum diets led to a notable increase in total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase concentrations, while simultaneously reducing insulin and Tendency to decrease glucose levels in the postpartum period (P < 0.01). Additionally, the introduction of organic zinc into the diets resulted in elevated levels of phosphorus, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, total antioxidant capacity, along with decreased serum bilirubin concentrations postpartum (P < 0.01). The serum phosphorus levels postpartum were significantly influenced by both organic zinc and peptide supplementation (P = 0.01). Furthermore, the addition of cottonseed bioactive peptides (P = 0.06) and organic zinc (P < 0.01) to the experimental diet led to a substantial increase in milk production. Specifically, the incorporation of organic zinc into the prepartum diet resulted in a significant rise in milk fat, protein and lactose percent and milk solids content among fresh cows (P < 0.01). Overall, the supplementation of cottonseed bioactive peptides and organic zinc in the prepartum diets of cows proved to enhance the immune status and production of fresh cows.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

Identifying management and nutritional strategies that enhance feed intake around calving is essential for the overall health and productivity of dairy cows. Trace minerals are crucial in supporting the proper function of damaged cells and tissues, promoting calf growth in utero, and facilitating milk secretion. Additionally, small peptides have been found to reduce the production of harmful oxidants in the small intestine, resulting in a decrease in oxidative stress. The objective of the current study is to examine the impact of supplementing organic zinc and bioactive peptides on the immune status and milk production of Holstein fresh cows. By improving the immune response and overall health of these cows, we aim to enhance their productivity and well-being during this critical period.

Material and method:

One hundred and eighty multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to one of four experimental groups for this study. The first group was fed a basal diet containing the mineral zinc as recommended in the NRC (2001) guidelines, but without the Pe0Zn0 peptide. The second group received the same basal diet, but with an additional 300g of the bioactive peptide Pe1Zn0. The third group was given the basal diet with 160mg of organic zinc per kg of dry matter, and no bioactive peptides (Pe0Zn1). The fourth group received the basal diet with 160mg of organic zinc per kg of dry matter, along with 300g of the bioactive peptide Pe1Zn1. Samples were collected from the cows at various time points throughout the experiment, including -21, -14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after calving. Milk production was recorded daily from 1 to 21 days in milk (DIM), and then monthly for the following five months after calving. Data analysis was conducted using SAS (2010) software, with a 2x2 factorial array in a completely randomized design. This study aimed to explore the impact of different dietary treatments on milk production in Holstein cows, specifically focusing on the inclusion of organic zinc and bioactive peptides. The findings from this research will offer valuable insights into optimizing dairy cow nutrition to enhance milk production.

Result:

The study findings revealed that including peptides in prepartum diets led to a significant increase in serum levels of calcium, albumin, total antioxidant capacity, and creatinine kinase, while glucose levels decreased during the prepartum period (P < 0.05). Similarly, higher levels of organic zinc in prepartum diets resulted in elevated concentrations of calcium, antioxidant capacity, aspartate aminotransferase, and insulin, while glucose and malondialdehyde levels decreased (P < 0.05).The inclusion of peptides in prepartum diets led to a notable increase in total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase concentrations, while simultaneously reducing insulin levels and showing a tendency to decrease glucose levels in the postpartum period (P < 0.01). Additionally, the introduction of organic zinc into the diets resulted in elevated levels of phosphorus, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and total antioxidant capacity, along with decreased serum bilirubin concentrations postpartum (P < 0.01). Serum phosphorus levels postpartum were significantly influenced by both organic zinc and peptide supplementation (P = 0.01). Furthermore, the addition of cottonseed bioactive peptides (P = 0.06) and organic zinc (P < 0.01) to the experimental diet led to a substantial increase in milk production. Specifically, incorporating organic zinc into prepartum diets resulted in a significant rise in milk fat, protein, lactose percent, and milk solids content among fresh cows (P < 0.01). In conclusion, supplementing prepartum diets of cows with cottonseed bioactive peptides and organic zinc proved to enhance the immune status and production of fresh cows.

Conclusion:

Incorporating bioactive peptides from cottonseed and organic zinc into the diets of cows prior to calving resulted in a significant increase in milk production and improved milk quality based on a 3.5% milk fat content. Additionally, supplementing the diet with organic zinc during the pre-calving period led to an increase in milk fat percentage. Furthermore, the inclusion of organic zinc in pre-calving diets resulted in a reduction in milk somatic cells. Upon analyzing the metabolites and reported immune factors, it can be inferred that the overall health of the groups consuming organic zinc experienced notable improvements.

Author Contributions

zahra Hosseini firozkohi, hamid amanlou, fateme Ahmadi, yasaman amanlou and hojat mazaheri contributed to conception, design, data collection, statistical analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version for submission.

Data Availability Statement

This article contains part of the data that were created or evaluated during the research.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to sincerely thank the members of the talise nemone dairy farm for the support of this research.

Ethical considerations

All of the protocols were approved by the Faculty of animal science Committee at zanjan University.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

REFERENCES
Abuelo, A., Hernández, J., Benedito, J. L., & Castillo, C. (2019). Redox biology in transition periods of dairy cattle: Role in the health of periparturient and neonatal animals. Antioxidants, 8(1), 20.
Acosta-Estrada, B. A., Reyes, A., Rosell, C. M., Rodrigo, D., & Ibarra-Herrera, C. C. (2021). Benefits and challenges in the incorporation of insects in food products. Frontiers in nutrition, 8, 687712.
Ammerman, C. B., Baker, D. P., & Lewis, A. J. (Eds.). (1995). Bioavailability of nutrients for animals: Amino acids, minerals, vitamins. Elsevier.
Aslam, S., Shukat, R., Khan, M. I., & Shahid, M. (2020). Effect of dietary supplementation of bioactive peptides on antioxidant potential of broiler breast meat and physicochemical characteristics of nuggets. Food Science of Animal Resources, 40(1), 55.
Assan, R., Attali, J. R., Ballerio, G., Boillot, J., & Girard, J. R. (1977). Glucagon secretion induced by natural and artificial amino acids in the perfused rat pancreas. Diabetes, 26(4), 300-307.
Bakhshizadeh, S., Aghjehgheshlagh, F. M., Taghizadeh, A., Seifdavati, J., & Navidshad, B. (2019). Effect of zinc sources on milk yield, milk composition and plasma concentration of metabolites in dairy cows. South African Journal of Animal Science, 49(5), 884-891.
Bao, Y. M., Choct, M., Iji, P. A., & Bruerton, K. (2007). Effect of organically complexed copper, iron, manganese, and zinc on broiler performance, mineral excretion, and accumulation in tissues. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16(3), 448-455.
Cai, J., Wang, D., & Liu, J. (2018). Regulation of fluid flow through the mammary gland of dairy cows and its effect on milk production: a systematic review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(4), 1261-1270.
Cao, J., Henry, P. R., Guo, R., Holwerda, R. A., Toth, J. P., Littell, R. C., ... & Ammerman, C. B. (2000). Chemical characteristics and relative bioavailability of supplemental organic zinc sources for poultry and ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, 78(8), 2039-2054.
Ceciliani, F., Ceron, J. J., Eckersall, P. D., & Sauerwein, H. (2012). Acute phase proteins in ruminants. Journal of proteomics, 75(14), 4207-4231.
Chapinal, N., Carson, M. E., LeBlanc, S. J., Leslie, K. E., Godden, S., Capel, M., ... & Duffield, T. F. (2012). The association of serum metabolites in the transition period with milk production and early-lactation reproductive performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(3), 1301-1309.
Chen, F., Li, Y., Shen, Y., Guo, Y., Zhao, X., Li, Q., ... & Li, J. (2020). Effects of prepartum zinc-methionine supplementation on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, immunity status, and passive transfer of immunity in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(10), 8976-8985.
Cheng, H., Liu, W., Yuan, X., Jia, E., Zhang, D., & Jiang, G. (2020). Effects of dietary cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate on growth, antioxidants and immunity of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 38, 869-882.
Chew, B. P., Eisenman, J. R., & Tanaka, T. S. (1984). Arginine infusion stimulates prolactin, growth hormone, insulin, and subsequent lactation in pregnant dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 67(11), 2507-2518.
Connelly, M. K., Weaver, S. R., Kuehnl, J. M., Fricke, H. P., Klister, M., & Hernandez, L. (2021). Elevated serotonin coordinates mammary metabolism in dairy cows. Physiological Reports, 9(7), e14798.
Cornelius, D. C. (2018). Preeclampsia: from inflammation to immunoregulation. Clinical medicine insights: Blood disorders, 11, 1179545X17752325.
Cortinhas, C. S., Freitas Júnior, J. E. D., Naves, J. D. R., Porcionato, M. A. D. F., Rennó, F. P., & Santos, M. V. D. (2012). Organic and inorganic sources of zinc, copper and selenium in diets for dairy cows: intake, blood metabolic profile, milk yield and composition. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41, 1477-1483.
de Oliveira Filho, J. G., Rodrigues, J. M., Valadares, A. C. F., de Almeida, A. B., Valencia-Mejia, E., Fernandes, K. F., ... & Dyszy, F. H. (2021). Bioactive properties of protein hydrolysate of cottonseed byproduct: antioxidant, antimicrobial, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 12, 1395-1404.
DeGaris, P. J., & Lean, I. J. (2008). Milk fever in dairy cows: A review of pathophysiology and control principles. The veterinary journal, 176(1), 58-69.
Dempsey, C., McCormick, N. H., Croxford, T. P., Seo, Y. A., Grider, A., & Kelleher, S. L. (2012). Marginal maternal zinc deficiency in lactating mice reduces secretory capacity and alters milk composition. The Journal of Nutrition, 142(4), 655-660.
e Silva, F. G. D., Hernández-Ledesma, B., Amigo, L., Netto, F. M., & Miralles, B. (2017). Identification of peptides released from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) protein by Alcalase® hydrolysis: Antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 76, 140-146.
Edmonson, A. J., Lean, I. J., Weaver, L. D., Farver, T., & Webster, G. (1989). A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 72(1), 68-78..
Faulkner, M. J., & Weiss, W. P. (2017). Effect of source of trace minerals in either forage-or by-product–based diets fed to dairy cows: 1. Production and macronutrient digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(7), 5358-5367.
Flees, J. J., Ganguly, B., & Dridi, S. (2021). Phytogenic feed additives improve broiler feed efficiency via modulation of intermediary lipid and protein metabolism–related signaling pathways. Poultry Science, 100(3), 100963.
Forman, H. J. (2016). Redox signaling: An evolution from free radicals to aging. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 97, 398-407.
Formigoni, A., Parisini, P., & Corradi, F. (1993). The use of amino acid chelates in high production milk cows. The Roles of Amino Acid Chelates in Animal Nutrition. Ashmead HD, ed. Noyes Publ., Park Ridge, NJ, 170-186.
Goff, J. P. (2008). The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal, 176(1), 50-57.
Goff, J. P., Liesegang, A., & Horst, R. L. (2014). Diet-induced pseudohypoparathyroidism: A hypocalcemia and milk fever risk factor. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(3), 1520-1528.
Goldman, C. R. (2010). Micronutrient elements (Co, Mo, Mn, Zn, Cu). Biogeochemistry of inland waters, 378-382.
Gorlov, I. F., Levakhin, V. I., Radchikov, V. F., Tsai, V. P., & Bozhkova, S. E. (2015). Effect of feeding with organic microelement complex on blood composition and beef production of young cattle. Modern Applied Science, 9(10), 8.
Greenfield, R. B., Cecava, M. J., Johnson, T. R., & Donkin, S. S. (2000). Impact of dietary protein amount and rumen undegradability on intake, peripartum liver triglyceride, plasma metabolites, and milk production in transition dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science, 83(4), 703-710.
Griffiths, L. M., Loeffler, S. H., Socha, M. T., Tomlinson, D. J., & Johnson, A. B. (2007). Effects of supplementing complexed zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt on lactation and reproductive performance of intensively grazed lactating dairy cattle on the South Island of New Zealand. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137(1-2), 69-83.
Hall, J. A., Bobe, G., Vorachek, W. R., Estill, C. T., Mosher, W. D., Pirelli, G. J., & Gamroth, M. (2014). Effect of supranutritional maternal and colostral selenium supplementation on passive absorption of immunoglobulin G in selenium-replete dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(7), 4379-4391.
Hosseini, Z. F. Amanlou, H.,, Amirabadi Farahani, T. and Eslamian Farsouni, N. (2016). Effects of crude protein levels in the shortened close-up period on health and milk production of Holstein cows. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 47(1), 123-133. (In Persian)
Immler, M., K. Buttner, T., Gartner, A., Wehrend, & Donat, K. (2021). Maternal Impact on Serum Immunoglobulin and Total Protein Concentration in Dairy Calves. Animals  12(6),755.
Karimzadeh, S., Rezaei, M., & Yansari, A. T. (2017). Effects of different levels of canola meal peptides on growth performance and blood metabolites in broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 203, 37-40.
Kellogg, D. W., Tomlinson, D. J., Socha, M. T., & Johnson, A. B. (2004). Effects of zinc methionine complex on milk production and somatic cell count of dairy cows: Twelve-trial summary. The Professional Animal Scientist, 20(4), 295-301.
Khiari, Z., Ndagijimana, M., & Betti, M. (2014). Low molecular weight bioactive peptides derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen after isoelectric solubilization/precipitation process of turkey by-products. Poultry Science, 93(9), 2347-2362.
Kim, S.K., Wijesekara, I., Park, E.Y., Matsumura, Y., Nakamura, Y & Kenji, S. (2011). Bioactive proteins and peptides, in: N.S. Hettiarachchy, S. Sato, M.R. Marshall, A. Kannan (Eds.), Bioact. Food Proteins Pept. Appl. Hum. Heal. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 97e116.
Kimura, K. A. Y. O. K. O., Reinhardt, T. A., & Goff, J. P. (2006). Parturition and hypocalcemia blunts calcium signals in immune cells of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(7), 2588-2595.
Kong, X., Song, W., Hua, Y., Li, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, C., & Chen, Y. (2020). Insights into the antibacterial activity of cottonseed protein-derived peptide against Escherichia coli. Food & Function, 11(11), 10047-10057.
Lee, S., & Kelleher, S. L. (2016). Molecular regulation of lactation: The complex and requisite roles for zinc. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 611, 86-92.
Li-Chan, E. C. (2015). Bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates: research trends and challenges for application as nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. Current Opinion in Food Science, 1, 28-37.
Liefers, S. C., Veerkamp, R. F., Te Pas, M. F. W., Delavaud, C., Chilliard, Y., & Van der Lende, T. (2003). Leptin concentrations in relation to energy balance, milk yield, intake, live weight, and estrus in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(3), 799-807.
Liu, J., Luo, Y., Zhang, X., Gao, Y., & Zhang, W. (2022). Effects of bioactive peptides derived from cottonseed meal solid‐state fermentation on the growth, metabolism, and immunity of yellow‐feathered broilers. Animal Science Journal, 93(1), e13781.
Liu, Z., Ren, Z., Zhang, J., Chuang, C. C., Kandaswamy, E., Zhou, T., & Zuo, L. (2018). Role of ROS and nutritional antioxidants in human diseases. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 360203.
Mallaki, M., Norouzian, M. A., & Khadem, A. A. (2015). Effect of organic zinc supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization, and plasma zinc status in lambs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 39(1), 75-80.
Megahed, A. A., Hiew, M. H., & Constable, P. D. (2015, September). The effects of sample temperature on the concentrations of glucose and β-OH butyrate measured by the Precision Xtra meter in plasma from periparturient dairy cattle. In American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings (pp. 214-214).
Miller, J. K., Ramsey, N. & Madsen, F. C. (1988). The trace elements In: Church D.C. The Ruminant Animal: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 988: 342-400.
Mirbagheri Marvili, Z., Amanlou, H., & Eslamian Farsuni, N. (2024). The Effect of Feeding Top-Dress Cottonseed Bioactive Peptide and Organic Selenium on Milk Production, Liver Function, Metabolic, and Immunity Responses during the Prepartum of Holstein Dairy Cattle. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 14(2).
Mohanta, R. K., & Garg, A. K. (2014). Organic trace minerals: immunity, health, production and reproduction in farm animals. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 31(3), 203-212.
Moure, A., Domínguez, H., & Parajó, J. C. (2006). Antioxidant properties of ultrafiltration-recovered soy protein fractions from industrial effluents and their hydrolysates. Process Biochemistry, 41(2), 447-456.
Mulligan, F., O'Grady, L., Rice, D., & Doherty, M. (2006). Production diseases of the transition cow: milk fever and subclinical hypocalcaemia. Irish Veterinary Journal, 59(12), 697–702.
National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. (2021). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 8th rev. ed. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
National Research Council, Committee on Animal Nutrition, & Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: 2001. National Academies Press.
Nayeri, A., Upah, N. C., Sucu, E. K. İ. N., Sanz-Fernandez, M. V., DeFrain, J. M., Gorden, P. J., & Baumgard, L. H. (2014). Effect of the ratio of zinc amino acid complex to zinc sulfate on the performance of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(7), 4392-4404.
Norris, R., Harnedy, P. A., & FitzGerald, R. J. (2013). Antihypertensive peptides from marine sources. Bioactive compounds from marine foods: Plant and Animal Sources, 27-56.
Ospina, P. A., Nydam, D. V., Stokol, T., & Overton, T. R. (2010). Associations of elevated nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations with early lactation reproductive performance and milk production in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(4), 1596-1603.
Pomatto, L. C., & Davies, K. J. (2018). Adaptive homeostasis and the free radical theory of ageing. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 124, 420-430.
Predieri, G., Tegoni, M., Cinti, E., Leonardi, G., & Ferruzza, S. (2003). Metal chelates of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid in animal feeding: preliminary investigations on stability and bioavailability. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 95(2-3), 221-224.
Price, D. M., Arellano, K. K., Irsik, M., Rae, D. O., Yelich, J. V., Mjoun, K., & Hersom, M. J. (2017). Effects of trace mineral supplement source during gestation and lactation in Angus and Brangus cows and subsequent calf immunoglobulin concentrations, growth, and development. The Professional Animal Scientist, 33(2), 194-204.
Rabiee, A. R., Lean, I. J., Stevenson, M. A., & Socha, M. T. (2010). Effects of feeding organic trace minerals on milk production and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(9), 4239-4251.
Ríus, A. G. (2019). Invited Review: Adaptations of protein and amino acid metabolism to heat stress in dairy cows and other livestock species. Applied Animal Science, 35(1), 39-48.
Samurailatpam Sanjukta, S. S., & Rai, A. K. (2016). Production of bioactive peptides during soybean fermentation and their potential health benefits. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 50, 1-10.
Sangsawad, P., Roytrakul, S., & Yongsawatdigul, J. (2017). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides derived from the simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of cooked chicken breast. Journal of Functional Foods, 29, 77-83.
Schabenberger, O., Gregoire, T. G., & Kong, F. (2000). Collections of simple effects and their relationship to main effects and interactions in factorials. The American Statistician, 54(3), 210-214.
Sobhanirad, S., Carlson, D., & Bahari Kashani, R. (2010). Effect of zinc methionine or zinc sulfate supplementation on milk production and composition of milk in lactating dairy cows. Biological Trace Element Research, 136, 48-54.
Sordillo, L. M., & Aitken, S. L. (2009). Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 128(1-3), 104-109.
Sordillo, L. M., Shafer-Weaver, K., & DeRosa, D. (1997). Immunobiology of the mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(8), 1851-1865.
Spears, J. W. (2003). Trace mineral bioavailability in ruminants. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(5), 1506S-1509S.
Spears, J. W., & Weiss, W. P. (2008). Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal, 176(1), 70-76.
Vallee, B. L., & Falchuk, K. H. (1993). The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. Physiological Reviews, 73(1), 79-118.
Wang, L., Ma, M., Yu, Z., & Du, S. K. (2021). Preparation and identification of antioxidant peptides from cottonseed proteins. Food Chemistry, 352, 129399.
Ward, E., Yang, N., Muhlhausler, B. S., Leghi, G. E., Netting, M. J., Elmes, M. J., & Langley‐Evans, S. C. (2021). Acute changes to breast milk composition following consumption of high‐fat and high‐sugar meals. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(3), e13168.
Webb, K. J., Wong, E. A., Pan, Y. X., Chen, H., Poole, C. A., Van, L., & Klang, J. E. (2005). The role of peptides in absorption pathways. 197-225.
Weng, X., Monteiro, A. P. A., Guo, J., Li, C., Orellana, R. M., Marins, T. N., ... & Tao, S. (2018). Effects of heat stress and dietary zinc source on performance and mammary epithelial integrity of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(3), 2617-2630.
Yang, X., Sun, J. Y., Guo, J. L., & Weng, X. Y. (2012). Identification and proteomic analysis of a novel gossypol‐degrading fungal strain. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(4), 943-951.
Yuan, X. Y., Liu, M. Y., Cheng, H. H., Huang, Y. Y., Dai, Y. J., Liu, W. B., & Jiang, G. Z. (2019). Replacing fish meal with cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate affects amino acid metabolism via AMPK/SIRT1 and TOR signaling pathway of Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture, 510, 225-233.
Yuan, X. Y., Liu, W. B., Wang, C. C., Huang, Y. Y., Dai, Y. J., Cheng, H. H., & Jiang, G. Z. (2020). Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory effects of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate and its derivative peptides for hepatocytes of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 98, 10-18.
Yue, S., Li, X., Qian, J., Du, J., Liu, X., Xu, H., ... & Chen, X. (2023). Impact of Enzymatic Hydrolyzed Protein Feeding on Rumen Microbial Population, Blood Metabolites and Performance Parameters of Lactating Dairy Cows. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 43(4).
Zhou, J., Ding, Z., Pu, Q., Xue, B., Yue, S., Guan, S., Xue, B. (2022). Rumen fermentation and microbiome responses to enzymatic hydrolysate of cottonseed protein supplementation in continuous in vitro culture. Animals, 12(16), 2113.
Zurek, E., Foxcroft, G. R., & Kennelly, J. J. (1995). Metabolic status and interval to first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 78(9), 1909-1920.
Iranian Journal of animal Science
Volume 56, Issue 3
September 2025
Pages 627-648

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 March 2025
  • Revise Date: 10 April 2025
  • Accept Date: 19 April 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics