Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of Animal and Poultry nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Abstract
Keywords
Main Subjects
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Feed additives can improves gut health of the animals, which results in increased digestion rate and better growth performance. Many microbial species have been approved as feed additives; among them the fungi/yeast culture (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been found to exert a positive effect on the ruminant’s production. Mode of action of yeast depends on the rumen microbial population. Yeast cells contain different vitamins, enzymes and some unidentified cofactors that may improve the microbial activity and growth rate in rumen (Dawson et al., 1992). Many researchers reported that yeast culture improved feed intake; feed conversion efficiency, growth rate (Lascano et al., 2009) and nutrient digestibility in cost effective manners (Hutjens, 2003). Yeast also has positive effects on blood hematology resulting in improvement in health status of animals (Agazzi et al., 2014). Lascano et al (2012) and Lesmeister et al (2004) reported that yeast supplementation increased the hemicelluloses degradability and some important nutrient digestibility. The addition of yeast culture has many positive effects in the absorption of some minerals and improves the metabolic heath of animals The findings of the research of Hossein Abadi et al (2022) showed that the effect of Saccharomyces servicii yeast on the growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, serum metabolites and food intake of Simmental calves is significant. The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast significantly increased the digestibility of organic matter, insoluble fibers in neutral detergent, and crude fat, and also improved milk production and composition (Toghdory et al 2022). Keeping in view, the present study was undertaken to analyze Addition of live and non-live Saccharomyces servicii supplement to milk on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, hematological parameters, immune responses, skeletal indices, stool consistency and rumination behavior of Simmental calves
Materials and Methods
30 newborn calves with an average weight of 42.55 ± 0.98 were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replications for 42 days. The yeast was mixed with milk and fed to the calf in the morning. The experimental diets were 1- control diet (without yeast), 2- diet containing 2.5 grams of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 3- diet containing 5 grams of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 4- diet containing 2.5 grams of non-living yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 5- the ration contained 5 grams of non-living yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To measure the digestibility of nutrients, samples were taken from the feces and feed consumed by calves for 5 days at the end of the experiment period. To measure the chewing activity on the last day of the course, the calves were observed for 24 hours and the parameters of rumination, eating and chewing and jaw rest were observed and recorded in standing and lying positions. Calves were fed with milk twice a day in the morning and evening meals. Every 21 days, the calves were weighed and the skeletal index was measured, and blood was taken at the end of the period, and the stool score was recorded as a daily health index.
Results
The treatments were significant in terms of performance of feed consumption from 0 to 42 days and feed consumption from 21 to 42 days, and significant differences were seen in weight gain at the beginning, middle of the period and at the end of the period, as well as the feed conversion ratio at the beginning, middle and end of the period. (P < 0.05) but there was no significant difference in terms of dry matter consumed, also a significant difference was observed among the experimental treatments in terms of digestibility (P < 0.05), in general, the use of live yeast and non-living Saccharomyces cervicii in the diet of the treatments was significant in the nutritional behavior of ruminating, eating, drinking water, unusual behavior in standing and lying down (P<0.05), but no significant change was seen in chewing and jaw resting behaviors. 05/05). The highest body weight, daily weight gain and improvement of feed conversion ratio were observed in the treatment containing 2.5 grams and the highest stool consistency were observed in the treatment containing 5 grams of non-living yeast.The level of blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, protein, albumin and creatinine with different levels of living and non-living yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae had a significant effect (P<0.05), but the level of urea nitrogen and globulin remained unaffected (0.5 0P>). In addition, it was shown that stool consistency was significant as a skeletal index (P<0.05). Experimental data were analyzed by SAS software and Duncan's multi-range test was used to compare the average of treatments at a significance level of five percent.
Conclusions
In general, no significant differences were observed between the live and inactive Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatments in terms of performance, blood parameters, and fecal consistency. live and non-live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) have improved the conversion rate and daily weight gain in the two levels used compared to the control treatment. According to this, adding yeast to milk is recommended for the use of calves.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Taghi Ghoorchi., Mostafa Hosseinabadi.; and Abdolhakim Toghdory.,methodology, Kosar Ghezelsofi and Taghi Ghoorchi software, Kosar Ghezelsofi and Abdolhakim Toghdory.;validation, Taghi Ghoorchi., Mostafa Hosseinabadi and Abdolhakim Toghdory.; formal analysis, Abdolhakim Toghdory.; investigation, Kosar Ghezelsofi and Taghi Ghoorchi., resources, Taghi Ghoorchi.;data curation, Taghi Ghoorchi.; writing—original draft preparation, Mostafa Hosseinabadi.; and Kosar Ghezelsofi., writing—review and editing, Taghi Ghoorchi.; visualization, Taghi Ghoorchi.; supervision, Taghi Ghoorchi.; project administration, Taghi Ghoorchi.; funding acquisition, Taghi Ghoorchi. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript
Data available on request from the authors.
We would like to thank the Faculty of Animal Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, for providing the field and laboratory facilities for this research. Also,thankful Mr. Mohsen Abedini for her cooperation in conducting this experiment at her dairy cattle breeding unit.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The authors avoided data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism,and misconduct.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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