Iranian Journal of animal Science

Iranian Journal of animal Science

Evaluation of microwave irradiation and toxin adsorbents on Diazinon residues in ‎white grape pomace and its effect on some ruminal parameters in vitro condition

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Behzad PourMahmoud 1
Hamed Khalilvandi-Behroozyar 2
Rasoul Pirmohammadi 3
1 Former Ph.D. Student of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of ‎Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
3 Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
10.22059/ijas.2021.295469.653765
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine effects of microwave irradiation and different toxin adsorbents on the amount of Diazinon residues in white grape pomace and effectiveness of these processes on some rumen parameters and gas production in vitro condition. This study, were investigated in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Experimental treatments included: 1- White grape pomace without processed or control group 2- Grape pomace processed with microwave irradiation 3- Grape pomace processed with Mycofix-Plus toxin adsorbent 4- Grape pomace processed with Bio-Tox toxin adsorbent 5- Grape pomace processed with Bio-Acid toxin adsorbent. The results of this study showed a significant increase in the amount of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the microwave treatment (P˂0.05). Different processes reduced the amount of Diazinon in the white grape pomace (P˂0.05), so the highest amount of Diazinon in control treatment (3.86 mg/kg) and the lowest amount of toxin was observed in treatment group treated with Bio-Tox supplement (0.57 mg/kg). Different processes increased in vitro gas production, total VFA, propionic acid concentration, dry matter digestibility and Methane (P˂0.05). Different processes reduced acetate concentration and did not have a significant effect on the Rumen protozoa population (P>0.05). Adding different adsorbents increased butyrate and isobutyrate concentration (p<0.05). As a conclusion, microwave irradiation and different toxin adsorbents reduced the amount of Diazinon in the white grape pomace and improved some ruminal parameters in vitro condition.
Keywords
Diazinon
gas production
grape pomace
microwave irradiation
toxins adsorbent‎
  1. Aazami, M.H., Tahmasbi, A.M., Forouhar, V. & Naserian, A.A. (2017). Effects of Sodium Bentonite on Blood Parameters, Feed Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Male Balouchi Sheep Fed Diet Contaminated by Diazinon, an Organophosphate Pesticide. Iranian journal of Applied Animal Science, 7(3), 421-428.
  2. Abarghuei, M.J. & Rouzbehan, Y. (2013). Influence of grape pomace extract on in vitro gas production kinetics and on ruminal unicellular population of inoculum in sheep. Iranian Journal of Animal Science (Tehran, Islamic Repub. Iran), 44(4), 375- (in Farsi(
  3. Abarghuei, M. J., Rouzbehan, Y. & Alipour, D. (2010). The influence of the grape pomace on the ruminal parameters of sheep. Livestock Science, 132 (1), 73-79.
  4. Aghajanzadeh-Golshani, A., Maheri-Sis, N., Mirzaei-Aghsaghali, A. & Baradaran Hasanzadeh, A. R. (2010). Comparison of nutritional value of tomato pomace and brewers grain for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5, 43-51.
  5. Alajaji, S. A. & El-Adawy, T. A. (2006). Nutritional composition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as affected by microwave cooking and other traditional cooking methods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 10, 3-15.
  6. Asadnejad, B. (2015). Effects of Microwave, Gamma and Electron irradiation on biomarkers of nutritive value of apple pomace, grape pomace and pourea pomacein ruminant nutrition in vitro and in situ. D. Thesis. Urmia university.
  7. Asadnejad, b., Pirmohammadi, R. & Khalilvandi Behroozyar, H. (2018). Effects of electron irradiation on nutritional value of red grape pomace using in vitro and in situ nylon bags techniques. Journal of Ruminant Research, 6, 31-48. (in Farsi)
  8. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. )2000(. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. Arlington, VA.
  9. Bajwa, U. & Sandhu, K. S. (2011). Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in Food-a review. Journal of Food Science Technology, (5), 1-20.
  10. Baratian Ghorghi, Z., Sadeghi Mahoonak, A. R., Ghorbani, M. & Shaeghi, M. (2014). Effect of tomato paste production stages on decreasing diazinon residue. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 46(12), 177-186. (in Farsi)
  11. Baumgartel, T., Kluth, H., Epperlein, K. & Rodehutscord, M. (2007) A note on digestibility and energy value for sheep of different grape pomace. Small Ruminant Research, 67, 302-306.
  12. Bressani, T. (1993). Grain quality of common beans. Food Review International. 9, 237–297.
  13. Cengiz, M. F., Certel, M., & Gocmen, H. (2006). Residue contents of DDVP (Dichlorvos) and diazinon applied on cucumbers grown in greenhouses and their reduction by duration of a pre-harvest interval and post-harvest culinary applications. Food Chemistry, 98, 127-135.
  14. Debski, B., Kania, B. F. & Kuryl, T. (2007). Transformations of diazinon, an organophosphate compound in the environment and poisoning by this compound. Ekológia. 26(1), 68.
  15. Dehority, B. A. (2003). Rumen Microbiology. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.
  16. Demeyer, D., De Meulemeester, M., De Graeve, K., & Gupta, B. W. (1988). Effect of fungal treatment on nutritive value of straw. Journal of Mededelingen van de Faculteit, 53, 1811–1819.
  17. Fakhouri, M. O. & Ramaswamy, H. S. (1993). Temperature uniformity of microwave heated foods as influenced byproduct type and composition. Food Research International. 26, 89–95.
  18. (2013). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
  19. (2010). Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. 3rd rev. ed. Federation of Animal Sciences Societies Savoy, IL.
  20. Fattahi, E. (2017). Investigating the Effect of Diazinon Poison on Sex Hormone Serum Levels and Ovarian Follicle in Female Rats. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 7(2), 233-240. (in Farsi)
  21. Finlay, B. J., Esteban, G., Clarke, K. J., Williams, A. G., Embley, T. M. & Hirt, R. R. (1994). Some rumen ciliates have endosymbiotic methanogens. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 117, 157-162.
  22. Gaikwad, A. S., Karunamoorthy, P., Kondhalkar, S. J., Ambikapathy, M. & Beerappa, R. (2015). Assessment of hematological, biochemical effects and genotoxicity among pesticide sprayers in grape garden. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 10, 1-11.
  23. Golghasem gharehbagh, A. (2017). Investigation of the effects of different processing methods and feed additives on patulin and pesticides residues concentration on apple pomace and its effects on ruminal fermentation and fermentative parameters in vitro, milk yield and composition and some of the blood metabolites in Mohabadi lactating does. Ph.D. Thesis. Urmia university.
  24. Hadian, Z., Azizi, M. H. & Ferdosi, R. (2006). Determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in vegetables by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3(1), 67-74.
  25. Iranian National Standard Organization. (2013). Iran good agricultural practices, (Iran GAP) -Olive. 16542.
  26. Kadlec, P., Kaasova, J., Dostalova, J., Zatopkova, M., Hosnedl, V. & Hrachovinova, J. (2002). Microwave treatment on drying of germinated pea. Czech Journal of Food Science, 21, 23-31.
  27. Karami, M., Pashayi, S. & Esmaili, R. (2019). The evaluation of Malathion and Diazinon residues in pickled olive during preparation and production. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49(4) 167-184. (in Farsi)
  28. Kazemi, M., Eskandary, A., Tahmasbi, A. M., Valizadeh, R. & Naserian, A. A. (2017). Effects of phosalone consumption via feeding with or without sodium bentonite on performance, blood metabolites and its transition to milk of Iranian Baluchi sheep. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 59, 10
  29. Kazemi, M., Tahmasbi, A. M., Valizadeh, R., Naserian, A. A. & Sonei, A. (2013a). Toxicological effects of diazinon as an organophosphate pesticide on fermentation activity of microorganisms and evaluation of sodium bentonite as a toxin binder by using the in vitro batch culture. Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 4, 52-58.
  30. Kazemi, M.,  Tahmasbi,  M.,  Valizadeh, R.,  Naserian,  A . A.,  Afshari, R. &  Sonei, A. (2013b). Effect of Phosalone as an Organophosphate Pesticide with Different Levels of Bentonite on Fermentation Parameters of a TMR Ration According to in vitro Condition. Iranian Journal Of Animal Science Research. 3(5), 201-209.
  31. Kiyothong, K., Rowlinson, P., Wanapat, M. & Khampa, S. (2012). Effect of mycotoxin deactivator product supplementation on dairy cows. Animal Production Science, 52, 832–841.
  32. Kazemi, M. (2012). Effects of organophosphate pesticides via feeding with or without sodium bentonite on performance, blood metabolites and its transition to milk. Ph.D. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
  33. Khatooni, M. A., Nobar, R. S. D. & Cheraghi, H. (2014). Evaluating Possibility Replacement of By-Product of Apple Pomace with Barley Grain for Ruminants by In Vitro Gas Production Technique. Journal of Animal Science advance, 4(5), 839-844.
  34. Liardon, R. & Hurrell, R. F. (1983). Amino acid racemization in heated and alkali-treated proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 31, 432–437.
  35. Lukstadt, C. (2014). Acidifiers in Animal Nutrition: A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to Promote Animal Performance. Published in: Technology, Business, Nottingham University Press.
  36. Menke, K. H. & Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Journal of Animal Research, 28, 37-55.
  37. Menke, K. H., Rabb, L., Saleweski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D. & Schnider, W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feed stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Jornal of Agricaltural Science. Camb, 93 (1), 217-222.
  38. Moschini, M., Gallo, A., Piva, G. & Masoero, F. (2008). The effects of rumen fluid on the in vitro aflatoxin binding capacity of different sequestering agents and in vivo release of the sequestered toxin. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147, 292–309.
  39. Ottenstein, D. M. & Batler, D. A. (1971). Improved gas chromatography separation of free acids C2-C5 in dilute solution. Analytical Chemistry, 43, 952-955.
  40. Pourmahmoud, B., Pirmohammadi, R. & Khalilvandi Behroozyar, H. (2019a). Effectiveness of toxin adsorbents on Diazinon residues in grape pomace and its effects on intake, and ruminal and blood parameters in lactating goats. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 49(4), 505-516. (in Farsi)
  41. Pourmahmoud, B., Pirmohammadi, R. & Khalilvandi Behroozyar, H. (2019b). Effects of Different Toxin Adsorbents on the Amount of Diazinon Residue in White Grape Pomace and Milk Production and Composition and Toxin Residues in Mohabadi Lactating Goats. Iranian journal of Applied Animal Science, 9(4), 677-685.
  42. Pourmahmoud, B. (2018). Effects of microwave irradiation and different adsorbents on Patulin and pesticides residues concentration of grape pomace and its effects on Mohabadi lactating goats in the transition period. Ph.D. thesis. Urmia University.
  43. Rezaee, M., Rezaeian, M., Mirhadi, S. A. & Moradi, M. (2008). Effects of yeast supplementation on rumen fermentation, microbial population and the performance of male fattening calves. Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 403-409. (in Farsi)
  44. Sargazi, Z., Nikravesh, M. R., Jalali, M., Sadeghnia, H. R. & Rahimi Anbarkeh, F. (2016). Apoptotic Effect of Organophosphorus Insecticide Diazinon on Rat Ovary and Protective Effect of Vitamin E. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 10(2), 37-44.
  45. SAS Institute. (2002). User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.1 Edition. SAS Inst., Cary, NC, USA.
  46. Schipper, P. N., Vissers, M. J. & Van Der Linden, A. M. (2008). Pesticides in groundwater and drinking water wells: overview of the situation in the Netherlands. Water Science and Technology, 57(8), 1277-1286.
  47. Schwartz, C. C., Nagy, J. G., & Streeter, C. L. (1973). Pest icide Effect on Rumen Microbial Function. Journal of Animal Science, 37, 821-826.
  48. Sefidkar, R. & Mazloomi, S. M. (2013). A review of the effects of different types of food processing methods on the amount of pesticides residues in raw and processed plant-based food. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 22(6), 24-33.
  49. Theodorou, M., Williams, B., Dhanoa, M., McAllan, A. & France, J. (1994). A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 48(4), 185-197.
  50. Tagliapietra, F., Cattani, M., Hansen, H., Hindrichsen, I., Bailoni, L. & Schiavon, S. (2011). Metabolizable energy content of feeds based on 24 or 48 h in situ NDF digestibility and on in vitro 24 h gas production methods. Jornal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 170(3), 182-191.
  51. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J. B. & Lewis, B. A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in ration to animal nutrition. Jornal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597.
  52. Varadyova, Z., Baran, M., Siroka, P. & Styriakova, I. (2003). Effect of silicates minerals (Zeolite, bentonite, kaolin, granite) on in vitro fermentation of amorphous cellulose, meadow hay and wheat straw and barley. Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 116 (7-8), 317-321.

 

Iranian Journal of animal Science
Volume 52, Issue 1
Spring 2021
Pages 37-49

  • Receive Date 07 January 2020
  • Revise Date 09 February 2021
  • Accept Date 14 February 2021