Iranian Journal of animal Science

Iranian Journal of animal Science

Effects of Combined Processing with Electron Beam Irradiation and Liquid Culture of Aspergillus oryzae on Chemical Composition, Gas Production, and Ruminal Degradability of Wheat Straw

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Hadi AdanVar 1
Hamed Khalilvandi-Behroozyar 1
YounesAli Alijoo 1
Alireza Bayat 2
Abdollah Ahmadpour 3
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
3 Higher Education Centre of Shahid Bakeri, Urmia University, Miyandoab, Iran
10.22059/ijas.2026.410722.654127
Abstract
Processing of lignocellulosic feeds with electron beam irradiation and fungal fermentation can improve fiber availability. This study examined the synergistic effects of electron beam irradiation and an Aspergillus oryzae liquid culture extract on wheat straw. Treatments included irradiation at 200, 300, or 400 kGy before (first set) or after (second set) fungal extract application. The chemical composition of the control treatment (unprocessed) and the six other treatments was determined according to standard methods, and the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and indigestible NDF after 240 h of incubation (iNDF240) were measured using an ANKOM system and the filter bag technique. Gas production and ruminal degradability of dry matter and NDF were determined. A completely randomized design was used for statistical analysis, and data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. As irradiation dose increased, the contents of DM recovery, NDF, and ADF in all treatments decreased significantly compared to the control (P < 0.05), and this reduction was greater in the pre irradiated treatments. With increasing incubation time, cumulative gas production and ruminal degradability of DM and NDF increased markedly (P < 0.05). For all treatments, a very strong correlation was observed between gas production and ruminal degradability. Overall, the combination of 400 kGy electron beam irradiation prior to fungal processing showed the best performance, and its application could be a promising approach to improving the nutritional value of wheat straw.
Keywords
Agro-industrial Wastes
Fungal Enzymes
clean processing
iNDF
Nutritive Value
Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

In ruminant nutrition, lignin in the plant cell wall restricts the access of ruminal enzymes to cellulose and hemicellulose, thereby reducing fiber digestibility. Various physical, chemical, biological, or combined treatments have been employed to overcome this limitation. Electron-beam irradiation, as a physical pretreatment method for lignocellulosic materials, is capable of disrupting lignin structures, depolymerizing cellulose crystals, and converting hemicellulose into soluble fractions. Fermentation with the liquid-state culture of Aspergillus oryzae, as a biological processing technique, not only supplies fibrolytic enzymes but also enhances the population of cellulolytic bacteria, thereby improving fiber bioavailability and the nutritional value of the substrate.

 

Materials and Methods

The experimental treatments consisted of untreated wheat straw as the control, three combined treatments in which electron-beam irradiation at 200, 300, or 400 kGy was applied prior to fermentation with the liquid-state extract of Aspergillus oryzae (first treatment category), and three additional treatments in which the order of processing was reversed (second treatment category). Electron-beam irradiation was performed at the Iran Radiation Processing Center (Yazd, Iran) using a Rhodotron electron accelerator to achieve the desired absorbed doses.For the biological processing, the fungal fermentation extract was prepared after 9 days of incubation in a liquid medium containing 50% potato extract and 50% straw extract, supplemented with 20 g of sugar and 3 g of wheat bran per liter, at 28°C. Ground samples (1-mm sieve) were oven-dried at 60°C for 24 h. Ruminal fluid and nylon bags for in situ incubations were obtained using three rumen-fistulated, two-year-old Qezel rams.Dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein were analyzed according to standard procedures (AOAC, 2000). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined using the filter bag system (Komarek, 1994) with an Ankom fiber analyzer following the method of Van Soest et al. (1991). To determine indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), 0.5 g of samples were weighed into F57 filter bags and incubated for 240 hours in a mixture of rumen fluid and buffer (1:4 ratio) at 39°C under anaerobic conditions (Goering & Van Soest, 1970). After incubation, the bags were washed with hot water, and the residual material was treated with neutral detergent according to the method of Van Soest et al. (1991). The residue was considered as iNDF. Gas production parameters were measured according to the procedure described by Fedorak and Hrudey (1983). In situ dry matter and NDF degradability were evaluated following the standardization guidelines of Vanzant et al. (1998).

A completely randomized design was used to assess the effects of treatments on chemical composition, correlation coefficients, and estimated kinetic parameters, analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS 9.2. Mean comparisons were performed using Tukey’s test at the 0.95 confidence level. For gas production and in situ degradability data, the MIXED procedure with a first-order covariance structure was applied. Results are presented as least square means with their corresponding standard errors.

 

Results and discussion

With increasing irradiation dose, the contents of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and undegraded NDF at 240 h of the processed treatments decreased significantly compared with the control (P < 0.05). These reductions were more pronounced in the first treatment category (irradiation prior to fermentation) than in the second category (irradiation after fermentation). Treatments in the first category also produced higher cumulative gas volumes and exhibited greater improvements in the potentially degradable fraction and degradation rate.

The kinetics and parameters of dry matter degradability (DMD) were significantly affected by the combined processing and its sequence. At all incubation times and in both processing orders, DMD in the treatments irradiated at 300 and 400 kGy was significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05). These improvements were associated with increases in the potentially degradable fraction, degradation rate, and effective DMD at a passage rate of 2% per hour. Neutral detergent fiber degradability (NDFD) increased as ruminal incubation time progressed, and except for the 200-kGy treatments up to the 24-h incubation point, all processed treatments showed significantly greater NDFD than the control across all incubation times (P < 0.05). Moreover, in all treatments, cumulative gas production exhibited a strong and positive correlation with both DMD and NDFD. The findings indicated that in vitro gas production has considerable potential for predicting ruminal DMD and NDFD.

 

Conclusion                                                                           

The combination of electron-beam irradiation and biological processing with Aspergillus oryzae can serve as an effective strategy to enhance the degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber in wheat straw. However, treatment responses may vary, and further research is needed to optimize irradiation dose and the culture conditions used for producing fungal enzymes before practical application is feasible. Consideration must also be given to limitations such as the cost and technical requirements of irradiation facilities, the prolonged duration of biological processing, and the overall complexity of the procedure. Therefore, future studies should focus on optimizing this approach for on-farm application and assessing its long-term effects on rumen health and animal performance.

 

Author Contributions

 All authors contributed equally to the conceptualization, review, and analysis of the article, and to the writing of initial and subsequent drafts, and approved the final version for submission.

 

Data Availability Statement

Data will be available upon reasonable request.

 

Acknowledgements:

    Authors would like to thanks Dam zist Kara company for their assistance and    provide animals for this study.

 

Ethical considerations

     All animal procedures were conducted with the approval of the Animal Care and Use Committee of Urmia University (Approval No. IR3 4534) in line with the Iranian Council of Animal Care. The study followed ARRIVE guidelines for reporting in vivo experiments, and all experimental methods adhered to the applicable regulations and standards. Research involving plants, whether cultivated or wild, including the collection of plant samples, was performed in accordance with relevant institutional, national, and international rules and guidelines.

 

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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Iranian Journal of animal Science
Volume 57, Issue 3
Summer 2026
Pages 493-515

  • Receive Date 10 February 2026
  • Revise Date 23 May 2026
  • Accept Date 24 May 2026